Approximating turbulent and non-turbulent events with the Tensor Train decomposition method

Low-rank multilevel approximation methods are often suited to attack high-dimensional problems successfully and they allow very compact representation of large data sets. Specifically, hierarchical tensor product decomposition methods, e.g., the Tree-Tucker format and the Tensor Train format emerge as a promising approach for application to data that are concerned with cascade-of-scales problems as, e.g., in turbulent fluid dynamics. Beyond multilinear mathematics, those tensor formats are also successfully applied in e.g., physics or chemistry, where they are used in many body problems and quantum states. Here, we focus on two particular objectives, that is, we aim at capturing self-similar structures that might be hidden in the data and we present the reconstruction capabilities of the Tensor Train decomposition method tested with 3D channel turbulence flow data

Phytoplankton in a temperate-zone salt marsh: Net production and exchanges with coastal waters

Phytoplankton production and associated variables were measured in Flax Pond, a 52 ha salt marsh on the north shore of Long Island, New York, from July 1972 to October 1973. Measurements made up to five times per day, once per week, yielded a mean annual net primary production, determined by the 14 C technique, of 20.5 mg C/m 3 /h; daily means were as high as 60.0 mg C/m 3 /h. However, when productivity was calculated for the entire marsh ecosystem, the shallow water in the salt marsh produced only 11.7 g C/m 2 of marsh/year. There was a net flux of phytoplankton from the coastal waters into the marsh; during the summer up to 0.2 g chlorophy 11/m 2 of marsh was carried in with the tides daily and remained in the marsh. Analysis of the productivity data, as well as variables associated with productivity (pH, standing crop, nutrients, extinction coefficient), indicated that the aquatic portion of the marsh behaved more as a net consumer rather than a net producer of phytoplankton.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46630/1/227_2004_Article_BF00391561.pd

Nitrogen symbiotically fixed by cowpea and gliricidia in traditional and agroforestry systems under semiarid conditions

The objective of this work was to estimate the amounts of N fixed by cowpea in a traditional system and by cowpea and gliricidia in an agroforestry system in the Brazilian Northeast semiarid. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, in a split-plot arrangement, with four replicates, in the semiarid region of the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Plots consisted of agroforestry and traditional systems (no trees), and split-plots of the three crops planted between the tree rows in the agroforestry system. To estimate N fixation, plant samples were collected in the fourth growth cycle of the perennial species and in the fourth planting cycle of the annual species. In the agroforestry system with buffel grass and prickly-pear cactus, gliricidia plants symbiotically fix high proportions of N (>50%) and contribute with higher N amounts (40 kg ha-1 in leaves) than in the traditional system (11 kg ha-1 in grain and 18 kg ha-1 in straw). In the agroforestry system with maize and cowpea, gliricidia plants do not fix nitrogen, and N input is limited to the fixation by cowpea (2.7 kg ha-1), which is lower than in the traditional system due to its lower biomass production

Precision measurement of the B0 meson lifetime using B0 → J/ψ K∗0 decays with the ATLAS detector

Abstract A measurement of the $$B^{0}$$ B 0 meson lifetime using $$B^{0} \rightarrow J/\psi K^{*0}$$ B 0 → J / ψ K ∗ 0 decays in data from 13  $$\text {TeV}$$ TeV proton–proton collisions with an integrated luminosity of $$140~\mathrm {fb^{-1}}$$ 140 fb - 1 recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented. The measured effective lifetime is $$\tau = 1.5053\pm 0.0012~\mathrm {(stat.)} \pm 0.0035~\mathrm {(syst.)~ps}.$$ τ = 1.5053 ± 0.0012 ( stat . ) ± 0.0035 ( syst . ) ps . The average decay width extracted from the effective lifetime, using parameters from external sources, is $$\begin{aligned} \Gamma _d = 0.6639\pm 0.0005~\mathrm {(stat.)} \pm 0.0016~\mathrm {(syst.)}\\ \pm 0.0038~\text {(ext.)} \text {~ps}^{-1}, \end{aligned}$$ Γ d = 0.6639 ± 0.0005 ( stat . ) ± 0.0016 ( syst . ) ± 0.0038 (ext.) ps - 1 , where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic and from external sources. The earlier ATLAS measurement of $$\Gamma _s$$ Γ s in the $$B^{0}_{s} \rightarrow J/\psi \phi$$ B s 0 → J / ψ ϕ decay was used to derive a value for the ratio of the average decay widths $$\Gamma _d$$ Γ d and $$\Gamma _s$$ Γ s for $$B^{0}$$ B 0 and $$B^{0}_{s}$$ B s 0 mesons respectively, of $$\frac{\Gamma _d }{\Gamma _s } = 0.9905\pm 0.0022~\text {(stat.)} \pm 0.0036~\text {(syst.)} \pm 0.0057~\text {(ext.)}.$$ Γ d Γ s = 0.9905 ± 0.0022 (stat.) ± 0.0036 (syst.) ± 0.0057 (ext.) . The measured lifetime, average decay width and decay width ratio are in agreement with theoretical predictions and with measurements by other experiments. This measurement provides the most precise result of the effective lifetime of the $$B^{0}$$ B 0 meson to date. </jats:p

Observation of quantum entanglement with top quarks at the ATLAS detector

Entanglement is a key feature of quantum mechanics with applications in fields such as metrology, cryptography, quantum information and quantum computation. It has been observed in a wide variety of systems and length scales, ranging from the microscopic to the macroscopic. However, entanglement remains largely unexplored at the highest accessible energy scales. Here we report the highest-energy observation of entanglement, in top–antitop quark events produced at the Large Hadron Collider, using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 inverse femtobarns (fb)−1 recorded with the ATLAS experiment. Spin entanglement is detected from the measurement of a single observable D, inferred from the angle between the charged leptons in their parent top- and antitop-quark rest frames. The observable is measured in a narrow interval around the top–antitop quark production threshold, at which the entanglement detection is expected to be significant. It is reported in a fiducial phase space defined with stable particles to minimize the uncertainties that stem from the limitations of the Monte Carlo event generators and the parton shower model in modelling top-quark pair production. The entanglement marker is measured to be D = −0.537 ± 0.002 (stat.) ± 0.019 (syst.) for 340 GeV < mtt < 380 GeV. The observed result is more than five standard deviations from a scenario without entanglement and hence constitutes the first observation of entanglement in a pair of quarks and the highest-energy observation of entanglement so far

Search for charged Higgs bosons produced in top-quark decays or in association with top quarks and decaying via H±→τ±ντ in 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

Charged Higgs bosons produced either in top-quark decays or in association with a top quark, subsequently decaying via H±→τ±ντ, are searched for in 140  fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at s=13  TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector. Depending on whether the top quark is produced together with the H± decays hadronically or semileptonically, the search targets τ+jets or τ+lepton final states, in both cases with a τ-lepton decaying into a neutrino and hadrons. No significant excess over the Standard Model background expectation is observed. For the mass range of 80≤mH±≤3000  GeV, upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section of the charged Higgs boson times the branching fraction B(H±→τ±ντ) in the range 4.5 pb–0.4 fb. In the mass range 80–160 GeV, assuming the Standard Model cross section for tt¯ production, this corresponds to upper limits between 0.27% and 0.02% on B(t→bH±)×B(H±→τ±ντ).</jats:p

The performance of missing transverse momentum reconstruction and its significance with the ATLAS detector using 140 fb-1 of √s = 13 TeV TeV pp collisions

Abstract This paper presents the reconstruction of missing transverse momentum ( $$p_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$$ p T miss ) in proton–proton collisions, at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. This is a challenging task involving many detector inputs, combining fully calibrated electrons, muons, photons, hadronically decaying $$\tau$$ τ -leptons, hadronic jets, and soft activity from remaining tracks. Possible double counting of momentum is avoided by applying a signal ambiguity resolution procedure which rejects detector inputs that have already been used. Several $$p_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$$ p T miss ‘working points’ are defined with varying stringency of selections, the tightest improving the resolution at high pile-up by up to 39% compared to the loosest. The $$p_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$$ p T miss performance is evaluated using data and Monte Carlo simulation, with an emphasis on understanding the impact of pile-up, primarily using events consistent with leptonic Z decays. The studies use $$140~\text {fb}^{-1}$$ 140 fb - 1 of data, collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018. The results demonstrate that $$p_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$$ p T miss reconstruction, and its associated significance, are well understood and reliably modelled by simulation. Finally, the systematic uncertainties on the soft $$p_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}}$$ p T miss component are calculated. After various improvements the scale and resolution uncertainties are reduced by up to $$76\%$$ 76 % and $$51\%$$ 51 % , respectively, compared to the previous calculation at a lower luminosity

Study of Z → llγ decays at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a study of Z → llγ decays with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis uses a proton–proton data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb−1 collected at a centre-ofmass energy √s = 8 TeV. Integrated fiducial cross-sections together with normalised differential fiducial cross-sections, sensitive to the kinematics of final-state QED radiation, are obtained. The results are found to be in agreement with stateof-the-art predictions for final-state QED radiation. First measurements of Z → llγ γ decays are also reported

Search for leptoquark pair production decaying into te−te¯ + or tμ−t¯μ+ in multi-lepton final states in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for leptoquark pair production decaying into te−te¯ + or tμ−t¯μ+ in final states with multiple leptons is presented. The search is based on a dataset of pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. Four signal regions, with the requirement of at least three light leptons (electron or muon) and at least two jets out of which at least one jet is identified as coming from a b-hadron, are considered based on the number of leptons of a given flavour. The main background processes are estimated using dedicated control regions in a simultaneous fit with the signal regions to data. No excess above the Standard Model background prediction is observed and 95% confidence level limits on the production cross section times branching ratio are derived as a function of the leptoquark mass. Under the assumption of exclusive decays into te− (tμ−), the corresponding lower limit on the scalar mixed-generation leptoquark mass mLQd mix is at 1.58 (1.59) TeV and on the vector leptoquark mass mU˜1 at 1.67 (1.67) TeV in the minimal coupling scenario and at 1.95 (1.95) TeV in the Yang–Mills scenario

Search for heavy Majorana or Dirac neutrinos and right-handed W gauge bosons in final states with charged leptons and jets in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search for heavy right-handed Majorana or Dirac neutrinos NR and heavy right-handed gauge bosons WR is performed in events with energetic electrons or muons, with the same or opposite electric charge, and energetic jets. The search is carried out separately for topologies of clearly separated final-state products (“resolved” channel) and topologies with boosted final states with hadronic and/or leptonic products partially overlapping and reconstructed as a large-radius jet (“boosted” channel). The events are selected from pp collision data at the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 collected by the ATLAS detector at √s = 13 TeV. No significant deviations from the Standard Model predictions are observed. The results are interpreted within the theoretical framework of a left-right symmetric model, and lower limits are set on masses in the heavy righthanded WR boson and NR plane. The excluded region extends to about m(WR) = 6.4 TeV for both Majorana and Dirac NR neutrinos at m(NR) < 1 TeV. NR with masses of less than 3.5 (3.6) TeV are excluded in the electron (muon) channel at m(WR) = 4.8 TeV for the Majorana neutrinos, and limits of m(NR) up to 3.6 TeV for m(WR) = 5.2 (5.0) TeV in the electron (muon) channel are set for the Dirac neutrinos. These constitute the most stringent exclusion limits to date for the model considered