A unified nomenclature of NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER family members in plants

Members of the plant NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER (NRT1/PTR) family display protein sequence homology with the SLC15/PepT/PTR/POT family of peptide transporters in animals. In comparison to their animal and bacterial counterparts, these plant proteins transport a wide variety of substrates: nitrate, peptides, amino acids, dicarboxylates, glucosinolates, IAA, and ABA. The phylogenetic relationship of the members of the NRT1/PTR family in 31 fully sequenced plant genomes allowed the identification of unambiguous clades, defining eight subfamilies. The phylogenetic tree was used to determine a unified nomenclature of this family named NPF, for NRT1/PTR FAMILY. We propose that the members should be named accordingly: NPFX.Y, where X denotes the subfamily and Y the individual member within the species

Mplus

Reinecke J. Mplus. In: Barnes JC, Forde DR, eds. The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice, Vol. II (pp. 856-858). Hoboken: Wiley. Hoboken: Wiley; 2021: 856-858

Biography in Criminology; Source and Product

Biography is commonly understood as the work of historians writing about the lives of deceased men and women who once were famous. A biography is generally written and it provides a description of the protagonist’s life, put in context of time and place. Within biography three types can be distinguished. The first type is the autobiography written by the protagonist themselves. The unauthorized biography, the second type, is written by an outsider who has not collaborated with the main character. In the third type of the authorized biography, writer and protagonist work together. Biography can be a source for criminology research, using this kind of content as ethnographic data. Structure, interaction and narrative are three perspectives to be distinguished, but biographies may contain a mix of these. Writing a biography can be done while the protagonist is incarcerated, but preferably they are at large

Nitrate signalling mediated by the NRT1.1 nitrate transporter antagonises L-glutamate-induced changes in root architecture

Arabidopsis root architecture is highly responsive to changes in the nitrogen supply. External NO(3)(-) stimulates lateral root growth via a signalling pathway involving the ANR1 MADS box transcription factor, while the presence of exogenous l-glutamate (Glu) at the primary root tip slows primary root growth and stimulates root branching. We have found that NO(3)(-), in conjunction with Glu, has a hitherto unrecognized role in regulating the growth of primary roots. Nitrate was able to stimulate primary root growth, both directly and by antagonising the inhibitory effect of Glu. Each response depended on direct contact between the primary root tip and the NO(3)(-), and was not elicited by an alternative N source (NH(4)(+)). The chl1-5 mutant, which is defective in the NRT1.1 (CHL1) NO(3)(-) transporter, was insensitive to NO(3)(-) antagonism of Glu signalling, while an anr1 mutant retained its sensitivity. Sensitivity to NO(3)(-) was restored in a chl1-5 mutant constitutively expressing NRT1.1. However, expression in chl1-5 of a transport-competent but non-phosphorylatable form of NRT1.1 not only failed to restore NO(3)(-) sensitivity but also had a dominant-negative effect on Glu sensitivity. Our results indicate the existence of a NO(3)(-) signalling pathway at the primary root tip that can antagonise the root's response to Glu, and they further suggest that NRT1.1 has a direct NO(3)(-) sensing role in this pathway. We discuss how the observed signalling interactions between NO(3)(-) and Glu could provide a mechanism for modulating root architecture in response to changes in the relative abundance of organic and inorganic N

Striatal structure and its association with N-Acetylaspartate and glutamate in autism spectrum disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder

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