Implementación de procedimientos de indicación y dispensación en farmacias comunitarias de la provincia de Pontevedra tras una acción formativa. Técnica del paciente simulado

Introducción: Por parte de diversas instituciones se está haciendo un gran esfuerzo en la difusión de los procedimientos de atención farmacéutica (AF). Con el presente trabajo se pretende comprobar los resultados de una acción formativa orientada a la AF en dolor osteomuscular y valorar mediante la técnica del paciente simulado el grado de incorporación de los protocolos de dispensación e indicación a la práctica profesional de la farmacia comunitaria. Método: Estudio prospectivo longitudinal controlado llevado acabo en farmacias de la provincia de Pontevedra (España). Se constituyó un grupo de intervención con las farmacias en las que al menos un farmacéutico asistió al curso de apoyo a la acción del Plan Estratégico para la Implantación de la Atención Farmacéutica. El grupo control lo formaron farmacias próximas a las anteriores y en las que ningún farmacéutico asistió al curso.Todas las farmacias fueron visitadas antes y después del curso por pacientes simulados que escenificaban una consulta de indicación y solicitaban una dispensación. Resultados: La media de preguntas que realizan los farmacéuticos al aplicar el protocolo de indicación aumenta de forma estadísticamente significativa: 2,03 ± 0,93 frente a 2,77 ± 1,3 (p= 0,0286). Aumentan asimismo los farmacéuticos que proponen tratamiento oral y consejos no farmacológicos. La media de preguntas que realizan los farmacéuticos al aplicar el protocolo de dispensación aumenta pero no de forma estadísticamente significativa: 0,17 ± 0,65 frente a 0,87 ± 1,83 (p= 0,1067). Al final no hay diferencias significativas entre los grupos en relación con el número de preguntas que los farmacéuticos realizan en los procedimientos de indicación y dispensación. Conclusiones: La acción formativa mejora ligeramente el grado de implantación de los protocolos de dispensación e indicación en las farmacias participantes, pese a lo cual todavía es bajo

Fitting the integrated Spectral Energy Distributions of Galaxies

Fitting the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies is an almost universally used technique that has matured significantly in the last decade. Model predictions and fitting procedures have improved significantly over this time, attempting to keep up with the vastly increased volume and quality of available data. We review here the field of SED fitting, describing the modelling of ultraviolet to infrared galaxy SEDs, the creation of multiwavelength data sets, and the methods used to fit model SEDs to observed galaxy data sets. We touch upon the achievements and challenges in the major ingredients of SED fitting, with a special emphasis on describing the interplay between the quality of the available data, the quality of the available models, and the best fitting technique to use in order to obtain a realistic measurement as well as realistic uncertainties. We conclude that SED fitting can be used effectively to derive a range of physical properties of galaxies, such as redshift, stellar masses, star formation rates, dust masses, and metallicities, with care taken not to over-interpret the available data. Yet there still exist many issues such as estimating the age of the oldest stars in a galaxy, finer details ofdust properties and dust-star geometry, and the influences of poorly understood, luminous stellar types and phases. The challenge for the coming years will be to improve both the models and the observational data sets to resolve these uncertainties. The present review will be made available on an interactive, moderated web page (sedfitting.org), where the community can access and change the text. The intention is to expand the text and keep it up to date over the coming years.Comment: 54 pages, 26 figures, Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

Voto en blanco, abstencionismo electoral y derecho de resistencia

In sorne electoral proceeding there can -and do-- occur two phenomena which are in a certain manner foreign to the normal schema: blank votes and nonparticipation. Generally, electoral norms do not give any solutions for the interpretation of these phenomena, and if they do insome instances, they are usually srbitrary in nature. The problem would be merely academic if it were not related to the right of resistence of every citizen. In point of fact, the citizen cannot always choose between acceptable possibilities: it may happen that one of the options offered -or several, or a/l of them- are absolutely unacceptable to him, and therefore he cannot uphold any of them. For the solution of the problem it is necessary to examine the nature of the vote in itself. In this perspective, there exist two principal positions: the electorate as a funcion and the electorate as a right. According to the first position, voting is a complex act of potestas and auctoritas, which confers the potestas to those who govern or to the law subjected to voting. With the second theory, it is understood that the potestas already resides with the State, and that voting is exclusively a right which he citizen reserves within the social pacto According to the theory of the electorate as a function, voting confers potestas, wha,tever the content, to the result of the election, no matter what result this may be. Thus, blank votes confer potestas, expressing only that the voter has not formed any sufficiently clear idea with regard to the content of the options available. Nonparticipation, on the other hand, presupposes the negation of the conferring of potestas, and in principie this can be castigated. The voter performs a public function. In this theory, blank votes could be interpreted as indecislons, whereas nonparticipation would be interpreted as resistence . . According to the theory of the electorate as a right, the vote does not conter potestas, but is rather merely he exercise of a right, which can be renounced as can any right. Therefore, nonparticipation is the renunciation of a right, due elther to indecision or to whim. Resistence, hence, in this view would be expressed through blank votes or via derisory declarations. The Spanish set of laws with regard to the electoral process is more or less confused, but in the extent in which we can apply to it the schema presented aboye, it adopts the thesis of the electorate as a function, a thesis which is at the present moment undergoing crisis. It is necessa'ry that the legislator makes a decision to impede that any party in its propagandistic apparatus may claim for itself blank votes or abstentions, and to serve tor the resolution of conflictive hypotheses in which any citizen may find protected, in a certain way, his right of resistence in the face of radically unjust situations