4,646 research outputs found
Binding potentials for vapour nanobubbles on surfaces using density functional theory
We calculate density profiles of a simple model fluid in contact with a
planar surface using density functional theory (DFT), in particular for the
case where there is a vapour layer intruding between the wall and the bulk
liquid. We apply the method of Hughes et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 142, 074702
(2015)] to calculate the density profiles for varying (specified) amounts of
the vapour adsorbed at the wall. This is equivalent to varying the thickness
of the vapour at the surface. From the resulting sequence of density
profiles we calculate the thermodynamic grand potential as is varied and
thereby determine the binding potential as a function of . The binding
potential obtained via this coarse-graining approach allows us to determine the
disjoining pressure in the film and also to predict the shape of vapour
nano-bubbles on the surface. Our microscopic DFT based approach captures
information from length scales much smaller than some commonly used models in
continuum mechanics.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figure
Defining stage-specific activity of potent new inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro
Currently, nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved treatment for cryptosporidiosis; unfortunately, it is ineffective in immunocompromised patients, has varied efficacy in immunocompetent individuals, and is not approved in infants under 1 year of age. Identifying new inhibitors for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis requires standardized and quantifiable in vitro assays for assessing potency, selectivity, timing of activity, and reversibility. Here, we provide new protocols for defining which stages of the life cycle are susceptible to four highly active compound classes that likely inhibit different targets in the parasite. We also utilize a newly developed long-term culture system to define assays for monitoring reversibility as a means of defining cidal activity as a function of concentration and time of treatment. These assays should provide valuable in vitro parameters to establish conditions for efficacious in vivo treatment.Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis have emerged as major enteric pathogens of infants in the developing world, in addition to their known importance in immunocompromised adults. Although there has been recent progress in identifying new small molecules that inhibit Cryptosporidium sp. growth in vitro or in animal models, we lack information about their mechanism of action, potency across the life cycle, and cidal versus static activities. Here, we explored four potent classes of compounds that include inhibitors that likely target phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (PI4K), phenylalanine-tRNA synthetase (PheRS), and several potent inhibitors with unknown mechanisms of action. We utilized monoclonal antibodies and gene expression probes for staging life cycle development to define the timing of when inhibitors were active during the life cycle of Cryptosporidium parvum grown in vitro. These different classes of inhibitors targeted different stages of the life cycle, including compounds that blocked replication (PheRS inhibitors), prevented the segmentation of daughter cells and thus blocked egress (PI4K inhibitors), or affected sexual-stage development (a piperazine compound of unknown mechanism). Long-term cultivation of C. parvum in epithelial cell monolayers derived from intestinal stem cells was used to distinguish between cidal and static activities based on the ability of parasites to recover from treatment. Collectively, these approaches should aid in identifying mechanisms of action and for designing in vivo efficacy studies based on time-dependent concentrations needed to achieve cidal activity
Chipping Away at Serials Processing Backlogs in Technical Services
The author reports on the results of a survey on serials processing backlogs in technical services. Approximately 40% of responding libraries had some type of backlog of serials, both print and electronic. The types of materials in the backlogs and the factors that contributed to them are discussed, together with the storage of backlogged materials and the public’s access to them. The study examines possible methods to reduce the backlog and perhaps prevent future backlogs in serials processing
Holding Patterns: Current Trends in Serial Holding Statements
This work reports on the results of a survey conducted on current trends in serial holdings statements. Respondents described the type of formats used in constructing holdings statements and associated display and system issues. The value of holdings statements, often misunderstood, was deliberated, considering library staff efforts to maintain accuracy. The study examines what libraries are currently doing to convert their holdings statements to comply with the American National Standards Institute/National Information Standards Organization Z39.71-2006 display standard and MARC21 Format for Holdings Data
Treatment Of Hypercholesterolemia With Aluminum Nicotinate*â€
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111193/1/j.1532-5415.1962.tb03157.x.pd
Slip or not slip? A methodical examination of the interface formation model using two-dimensional droplet spreading on a horizontal planar substrate as a prototype system
We consider the spreading of a thin two-dimensional droplet on a planar
substrate as a prototype system to compare the contemporary model for contact
line motion based on interface formation of Shikhmurzaev [Int. J. Multiphas.
Flow 19, 589 (1993)], to the more commonly used continuum fluid dynamical
equations augmented with the Navier-slip condition. Considering quasistatic
droplet evolution and using the method of matched asymptotics, we find that the
evolution of the droplet radius using the interface formation model reduces to
an equivalent expression for a slip model, where the prescribed microscopic
dynamic contact angle has a velocity dependent correction to its static value.
This result is found for both the original interface formation model
formulation and for a more recent version, where mass transfer from bulk to
surface layers is accounted for through the boundary conditions. Various
features of the model, such as the pressure behaviour and rolling motion at the
contact line, and their relevance, are also considered in the prototype system
we adopt.Comment: 45 pages, 18 figure
Fluid structure in the immediate vicinity of an equilibrium three-phase contact line and assessment of disjoining pressure models using density functional theory
We examine the nanoscale behavior of an equilibrium three-phase contact line
in the presence of long-ranged intermolecular forces by employing a statistical
mechanics of fluids approach, namely density functional theory (DFT) together
with fundamental measure theory (FMT). This enables us to evaluate the
predictive quality of effective Hamiltonian models in the vicinity of the
contact line. In particular, we compare the results for mean field effective
Hamiltonians with disjoining pressures defined through (I) the adsorption
isotherm for a planar liquid film, and (II) the normal force balance at the
contact line. We find that the height profile obtained using (I) shows good
agreement with the adsorption film thickness of the DFT-FMT equilibrium density
profile in terms of maximal curvature and the behavior at large film heights.
In contrast, we observe that while the height profile obtained by using (II)
satisfies basic sum rules, it shows little agreement with the adsorption film
thickness of the DFT results. The results are verified for contact angles of
20, 40 and 60 degrees
Groups of graphs of groups
We classify all groups of color preserving automorphisms (isometries) of edge colored complete graphs derived from finite groups
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Survey of Texas Black-owned Businesses
Report on the state of black-owned businesses in Texas, based on 2010 Census data and a statewide survey of black business owners conducted in 2013. The demographic portion of the study found that the number of black-owned businesses in Texas grew faster in the early 2000s than the state average for all businesses, but the vast majority of black-owned businesses in Texas were small, with no paid employees other than the owner. In sales and number of employees, black-owned businesses lagged behind state averages. In their survey responses, a majority of black business owners indicated they felt they had the education and skills needed to succeed. They saw room for improvement in the areas of political access and contracting opportunities.Bureau of Business Researc
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