506 research outputs found

    ModÚle de béton armé équivalent pour l'analyse du comportement des voiles de trÚs faible élancement. Programme SAFE

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    Within the SAFE research project squat reinforced concrete walls have been tested pseudo-dynamically at ISPRA. This paper describes the modeling of the structures T5 and T12 of the program. Numerical calculations done by LMT are presented. Modeling is based upon "equivalent reinforced concrete medium" coupled with damage mechanics and plasticity. Beams and truss elements are used in order to elaborate an efficient, non time consuming simplified method. Comparison with experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the modeling tools to understand the nonlinear behavior of very squat walls.Le programme SAFE concerne des essais pseudodynamiques effectués à ISPRA sur des voiles en béton armé trÚs faiblement élancés. La modélisation choisie au LMT pour calculer le comportement non linéaire des structures T5 et T12 du programme est ici présentée. Les maquettes sont modélisées selon le principe du «béton armé équivalent». Les maillages du béton et de l'acier sont découplés et des éléments barres ou poutres sont utilisés pour modéliser la structure. La loi constitutionnelle du béton est basée sur la mécanique de l'endommagement tandis que celle de l'acier suit une loi élastoplastique. La comparaison entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques prouve la capacité de la nouvelle méthode de simuler le comportement non linéaire des voiles de trÚs faible élancement

    Dynamics of Income Rank Volatility: Evidence from Germany and the US

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    This paper presents a methodology for comparing income rank volatility profiles over time and across distributions. While most of the existing measures are affected by changes in marginal distributions, this paper proposes a framework that is based on individuals’ relative positions in the distribution, and is neutral in relation to structural changes that occur in the economy. Applying this approach to investigate rank volatility in Germany and the US over three decades, we show that while poorer individuals within both countries are the most volatile, the volatility trend for the middle class in each of these countries differs

    The measurement of social stratification : comparative perspectives between Europe and Latin America

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    Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004This chapter analyses compared social stratification in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile and Uruguay) and four European countries (Finland, France, Spain, Great Britain). We focus on both external and internal borders of social classes, as well as on the challenges posed by their analysis for sociology. We compare social classes using EGP6 in relation to a variety of social indicators, to examine how social classes vary among countries. We include debates on production models and welfare state policies to understand the specific configurations and compare the conditions of some of the INCASI countries regarding social stratification. Lastly, we apply a latent class analysis to validate the number of social classes and to recognise class boundaries

    Sensitivity of the human auditory cortex to acoustic degradation of speech and non-speech sounds

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    The perception of speech is usually an effortless and reliable process even in highly adverse listening conditions. In addition to external sound sources, the intelligibility of speech can be reduced by degradation of the structure of speech signal itself, for example by digital compression of sound. This kind of distortion may be even more detrimental to speech intelligibility than external distortion, given that the auditory system will not be able to utilize sound source-specific acoustic features, such as spatial location, to separate the distortion from the speech signal. The perceptual consequences of acoustic distortions on speech intelligibility have been extensively studied. However, the cortical mechanisms of speech perception in adverse listening conditions are not well known at present, particularly in situations where the speech signal itself is distorted. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the cortical mechanisms underlying speech perception in conditions where speech is less intelligible due to external distortion or as a result of digital compression. In the studies of this thesis, the intelligibility of speech was varied either by digital compression or addition of stochastic noise. Cortical activity related to the speech stimuli was measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG). The results indicated that degradation of speech sounds by digital compression enhanced the evoked responses originating from the auditory cortex, whereas addition of stochastic noise did not modulate the cortical responses. Furthermore, it was shown that if the distortion was presented continuously in the background, the transient activity of auditory cortex was delayed. On the perceptual level, digital compression reduced the comprehensibility of speech more than additive stochastic noise. In addition, it was also demonstrated that prior knowledge of speech content enhanced the intelligibility of distorted speech substantially, and this perceptual change was associated with an increase in cortical activity within several regions adjacent to auditory cortex. In conclusion, the results of this thesis show that the auditory cortex is very sensitive to the acoustic features of the distortion, while at later processing stages, several cortical areas reflect the intelligibility of speech. These findings suggest that the auditory system rapidly adapts to the variability of the auditory environment, and can efficiently utilize previous knowledge of speech content in deciphering acoustically degraded speech signals.Puheen havaitseminen on useimmiten vaivatonta ja luotettavaa myös erittÀin huonoissa kuunteluolosuhteissa. Puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyys voi kuitenkin heikentyÀ ympÀristön hÀiriölÀhteiden lisÀksi myös silloin, kun puhesignaalin rakennetta muutetaan esimerkiksi pakkaamalla digitaalista ÀÀntÀ. TÀllainen hÀiriö voi heikentÀÀ ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ jopa ulkoisia hÀiriöitÀ voimakkaammin, koska kuulojÀrjestelmÀ ei pysty hyödyntÀmÀÀn ÀÀnilÀhteen ominaisuuksia, kuten ÀÀnen tulosuuntaa, hÀiriön erottelemisessa puheesta. Akustisten hÀiriöiden vaikutuksia puheen havaitsemiseen on tutkttu laajalti, mutta havaitsemiseen liittyvÀt aivomekanismit tunnetaan edelleen melko puutteelisesti etenkin tilanteissa, joissa itse puhesignaali on laadultaan heikentynyt. TÀmÀn vÀitöskirjan tavoitteena oli tutkia puheen havaitsemisen aivomekanismeja tilanteissa, joissa puhesignaali on vaikeammin ymmÀrrettÀvissÀ joko ulkoisen ÀÀnilÀhteen tai digitaalisen pakkauksen vuoksi. VÀitöskirjan neljÀssÀ osatutkimuksessa lyhyiden puheÀÀnien ja jatkuvan puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ muokattiin joko digitaalisen pakkauksen kautta tai lisÀÀmÀllÀ puhesignaaliin satunnaiskohinaa. PuheÀrsykkeisiin liittyvÀÀ aivotoimintaa tutkittiin magnetoenkefalografia-mittauksilla. Tutkimuksissa havaittiin, ettÀ kuuloaivokuorella syntyneet herÀtevasteet voimistuivat, kun puheÀÀntÀ pakattiin digitaalisesti. Sen sijaan puheÀÀniin lisÀtty satunnaiskohina ei vaikuttanut herÀtevasteisiin. Edelleen, mikÀli puheÀÀnien taustalla esitettiin jatkuvaa hÀiriötÀ, kuuloaivokuoren aktivoituminen viivÀstyi hÀiriön intensiteetin kasvaessa. Kuuntelukokeissa havaittiin, ettÀ digitaalinen pakkaus heikentÀÀ puheÀÀnien ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ voimakkaammin kuin satunnaiskohina. LisÀksi osoitettiin, ettÀ aiempi tieto puheen sisÀllöstÀ paransi merkittÀvÀsti hÀiriöisen puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ, mikÀ heijastui aivotoimintaan kuuloaivokuoren viereisillÀ aivoalueilla siten, ettÀ ymmÀrrettÀvÀ puhe aiheutti suuremman aktivaation kuin heikosti ymmÀrrettÀvÀ puhe. VÀitöskirjan tulokset osoittavat, ettÀ kuuloaivokuori on erittÀin herkkÀ puheÀÀnien akustisille hÀiriöille, ja myöhemmissÀ prosessoinnin vaiheissa useat kuuloaivokuoren viereiset aivoalueet heijastavat puheen ymmÀrrettÀvyyttÀ. Tulosten mukaan voi olettaa, ettÀ kuulojÀrjestelmÀ mukautuu nopeasti ÀÀniympÀristön vaihteluihin muun muassa hyödyntÀmÀllÀ aiempaa tietoa puheen sisÀllöstÀ tulkitessaan hÀiriöistÀ puhesignaalia

    Interictal Functional Connectivity of Human Epileptic Networks Assessed by Intracerebral EEG and BOLD Signal Fluctuations

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    In this study, we aimed to demonstrate whether spontaneous fluctuations in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal derived from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reflect spontaneous neuronal activity in pathological brain regions as well as in regions spared by epileptiform discharges. This is a crucial issue as coherent fluctuations of fMRI signals between remote brain areas are now widely used to define functional connectivity in physiology and in pathophysiology. We quantified functional connectivity using non-linear measures of cross-correlation between signals obtained from intracerebral EEG (iEEG) and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) in 5 patients suffering from intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Functional connectivity was quantified with both modalities in areas exhibiting different electrophysiological states (epileptic and non affected regions) during the interictal period. Functional connectivity as measured from the iEEG signal was higher in regions affected by electrical epileptiform abnormalities relative to non-affected areas, whereas an opposite pattern was found for functional connectivity measured from the BOLD signal. Significant negative correlations were found between the functional connectivities of iEEG and BOLD signal when considering all pairs of signals (theta, alpha, beta and broadband) and when considering pairs of signals in regions spared by epileptiform discharges (in broadband signal). This suggests differential effects of epileptic phenomena on electrophysiological and hemodynamic signals and/or an alteration of the neurovascular coupling secondary to pathological plasticity in TLE even in regions spared by epileptiform discharges. In addition, indices of directionality calculated from both modalities were consistent showing that the epileptogenic regions exert a significant influence onto the non epileptic areas during the interictal period. This study shows that functional connectivity measured by iEEG and BOLD signals give complementary but sometimes inconsistent information in TLE
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