Field Guide to the Geology of the Harlan County Lake Area, Harlan County, Nebraska — with a History of Events Leading to Construction of Harlan County Dam

The year 2002 will mark the fiftieth anniversary of completion of the Harlan County Dam and Multi-Purpose Reservoir. This seems a good time to write about the history of and reasons for building the dam, the effects of the dam and reservoir on the Republican River valley, and the geologic features seen along the shores of the lake and areas nearby. As many junior authors helped produced this educational circular, they are listed in the table of contents. All other sections were written by the senior author. Includes July 2016 update: Addendum of photographs showing fault traces on drought-exposed lake bottom. Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk Formation and the younger Pierre Shale are also shown. Table of Contents Introduction 1 Location 1 Republican River Floods 1 The Republican River Flood of 1935 - D R Mohlman 1 Cautionary Notes (sidebar) 1 Events After the Flood Leading to Creation of Harlan County Lake 9 Stormer Ford Dog Town (sidebar) 10 Water 10 Surface Water Hydrology - S Summerside 10 Shoreline Springs and Seeps - F: E Harvey and K J Warren 12 Introduction 12 Using Water Chemistry to Identify Spring and Seep Origin 1 2 Geology 15 General Conditions Leading to Good Exposures 15 Stratigraphy of Unconsolidated Sediments and Rock Strata 15 Cretaceous System - Upper Cretaceous Series 15 Niobrara Formation - Smoky Hill Chalk Member 15 Pierre Shale 15 Tertiary System - Miocene Series 16 Ogallala Group -Ash Hollow Formation 16 Quaternary System - Pleistocene Series 16 Crete (?) Formation (Sands and Gravels) 1 6 Loveland Loess 16 Gliman Canyon Formation 16 Peoria and Bignell Loesses 16 Quaternary System - Holocene (Recent) Series 1 6 Unnamed Fluvial, Eolian, and Colluvial Deposits 16 Paleontology of the Various Formations 16 Plants 16 Invertebrates - R K Pabian 17 Cretaceous Marine Fossils 17 Niobrara Formation 17 Foraminifers 17 Post-Devonian Stromatoporoids 1 9 Mollusks 19 Bivalves 19 Ammonites 19 Pierre Shale Formation 19 Bivalves 19 Ammonites 19 Quaternary - Pleistocene (Ice Age) Invertebrate Fossils 19 Vertebrate Fossils - R G Corner 24 Late Cretaceous Fossils 24 Niobrara Formation 24 Niobrara Fishes 24 Niobrara Mosasaurs 29 Pierre Shale Formation 30 Protosphyvaena gladius: Giant Mystery Fish 30 Pierre Mosasaurs 32 Late Miocene Ogallala Group 32 Bone Cove I Fauna 32 Bone Cove II Fauna 32 Quaternary - Pleistocene (Ice Age) 33 Crete (?) Sands and Gravels 33 Gilman Canyon Formation 33 Peoria Loess 35 Late Pleistocene Fauna 35 Late Pleistocene Environments 37 Geologic Processes Affecting the Strata 37 Modem and Ancient Landslides 37 Modern Landslides D A Eversoll 37 Ancient Landslides - D A Eversoll and R F Diffendal, Jr 39 Geologic Structures 41 Introduction and Previous Work 41 Angular Unconformities 45 Joints 45 Faults and Folds 45 Ancient Landscapes (Paleotopography) 50 Quaternary River Terraces 50 Concluding Remarks 50 References Cited 51 Glossary Keywords: flooding 1930s, vertebrate fossils, earthquake faults, landslides, groundwater qualit

Physical exercise augmented cognitive behaviour therapy for older adults with generalised anxiety disorder (PEXACOG): a feasibility study for a randomized controlled trial

Background Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a frequent and severe disorder among older adults. For older adults with GAD the effect of the recommended treatment, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), is reduced. Physical exercise (PE) may enhance the effect of CBT by improving cognitive function and increasing levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a predictor of the effect of CBT in patients with anxiety. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) investigating treatment effect of the combination of CBT and PE for GAD in a sample of older adults, including procedures for assessment and treatment. Methods Four participants aged 62–70 years (M = 65.5, SD = 3.2) with a primary diagnosis of GAD were included. Participants received 15 weeks of PE in combination with 10 weeks of CBT. Participants completed self-report measures, and clinical, biological, physiological and neuropsychological tests at pre-, interim- and post-treatment. Results Procedures, protocols, and results are presented. One participant dropped out during treatment. For the three participants completing, the total adherence to PE and CBT was 80% and 100%, respectively. An independent assessor concluded that the completers no longer fulfilled the criteria for GAD after treatment. Changes in self-report measures suggest symptom reduction related to anxiety and worry. The sample is considered representative for the target population. Conclusions The results indicate that combining CBT and PE for older adults with GAD is feasible, and that the procedures and tests are suitable and manageable for the current sample.publishedVersio

Control of intestinal stem cell function and proliferation by mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism.

Most differentiated cells convert glucose to pyruvate in the cytosol through glycolysis, followed by pyruvate oxidation in the mitochondria. These processes are linked by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), which is required for efficient mitochondrial pyruvate uptake. In contrast, proliferative cells, including many cancer and stem cells, perform glycolysis robustly but limit fractional mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation. We sought to understand the role this transition from glycolysis to pyruvate oxidation plays in stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Loss of the MPC in Lgr5-EGFP-positive stem cells, or treatment of intestinal organoids with an MPC inhibitor, increases proliferation and expands the stem cell compartment. Similarly, genetic deletion of the MPC in Drosophila intestinal stem cells also increases proliferation, whereas MPC overexpression suppresses stem cell proliferation. These data demonstrate that limiting mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is necessary and sufficient to maintain the proliferation of intestinal stem cells

Deficient prefrontal attentional control in late-life generalized anxiety disorder: an fMRI investigation

Younger adults with anxiety disorders are known to show an attentional bias toward negative information. Little is known regarding the role of biased attention in anxious older adults, and even less is known about the neural substrates of any such bias. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess the mechanisms of attentional bias in late life by contrasting predictions of a top-down model emphasizing deficient prefrontal cortex (PFC) control and a bottom-up model emphasizing amygdalar hyperreactivity. In all, 16 older generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients (mean age=66 years) and 12 non-anxious controls (NACs; mean age=67 years) completed the emotional Stroop task to assess selective attention to negative words. Task-related fMRI data were concurrently acquired. Consistent with hypotheses, GAD participants were slower to identify the color of negative words relative to neutral, whereas NACs showed the opposite bias, responding more quickly to negative words. During negative words (in comparison with neutral), the NAC group showed PFC activations, coupled with deactivation of task-irrelevant emotional processing regions such as the amygdala and hippocampus. By contrast, GAD participants showed PFC decreases during negative words and no differences in amygdalar activity across word types. Across all participants, greater attentional bias toward negative words was correlated with decreased PFC recruitment. A significant positive correlation between attentional bias and amygdala activation was also present, but this relationship was mediated by PFC activity. These results are consistent with reduced prefrontal attentional control in late-life GAD. Strategies to enhance top-down attentional control may be particularly relevant in late-life GAD treatment

A waitlist-controlled trial of group cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) treatment for depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: A waitlist-controlled trial design was used. Eighteen adults with PD and a comorbid DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety were randomised to either Intervention (8-week group CBT treatment) or Waitlist (8-week clinical monitoring preceding treatment). The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was the primary outcome. Assessments were completed at Time 1 (pretreatment), Time 2 (posttreatment/post-waitlist) and 1-month and 6-month follow-ups. Results: At Time 2, participants who received CBT reported greater reductions in depression (Mchange = -2.45) than Waitlist participants (Mchange = .29) and this effect was large, d = 1.12, p = .011. Large secondary effects on anxiety were also observed for CBT participants, d = .89, p = .025. All treatment gains were maintained and continued to improve during the follow-up period. At 6-month follow-up, significant and large effects were observed for both depression (d = 2.07) and anxiety (d = 2.26). Conclusions: Group CBT appears to be an efficacious treatment approach for depression and anxiety in PD however further controlled trials with larger numbers of participants are required

Individual Differences in the Ability to Recognise Facial Identity Are Associated with Social Anxiety

Previous research has been concerned with the relationship between social anxiety and the recognition of face expression but the question of whether there is a relationship between social anxiety and the recognition of face identity has been neglected. Here, we report the first evidence that social anxiety is associated with recognition of face identity, across the population range of individual differences in recognition abilities. Results showed poorer face identity recognition (on the Cambridge Face Memory Test) was correlated with a small but significant increase in social anxiety (Social Interaction Anxiety Scale) but not general anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). The correlation was also independent of general visual memory (Cambridge Car Memory Test) and IQ. Theoretically, the correlation could arise because correct identification of people, typically achieved via faces, is important for successful social interactions, extending evidence that individuals with clinical-level deficits in face identity recognition (prosopagnosia) often report social stress due to their inability to recognise others. Equally, the relationship could arise if social anxiety causes reduced exposure or attention to people's faces, and thus to poor development of face recognition mechanisms