Towards the Distributed Burning Regime in Turbulent Premixed Flames

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of canonical statistically-steady statistically-planar turbulent flames have been used in an attempt to produce distributed burning in lean methane and hydrogen flames. Dilatation across the flame means that extremely large Karlovitz numbers are required; even at the extreme levels of turbulence studied (up to a Karlovitz number of 8767) distributed burning was only achieved in the hydrogen case. In this case, turbulence was found to broaden the reaction zone visually by around an order of magnitude, and thermodiffusive effects (typically present for lean hydrogen flames) were not observed. In the preheat zone, the species compositions differ considerably from those of one-dimensional flames based a number of different transport models (mixture-averaged, unity Lewis number, and a turbulent eddy viscosity model). The behaviour is a characteristic of turbulence dominating non-unity Lewis number species transport, and the distinct limit is again attributed to dilatation and its effect on the turbulence. Peak local reaction rates are found to be lower in the distributed case than in the lower Karlovitz cases but higher than in the laminar flame, which is attributed to effects that arise from the modified fuel-temperature distribution that results from turbulent mixing dominating low Lewis number thermodiffusive effects. Finally, approaches to achieve distributed burning at realisable conditions are discussed; factors that increase the likelihood of realising distributed burning are higher pressure, lower equivalence ratio, higher Lewis number, and lower reactant temperature

Elliptical instability of a rapidly rotating, strongly stratified fluid

The elliptical instability of a rotating stratified fluid is examined in the regime of small Rossby number and order-one Burger number corresponding to rapid rotation and strong stratification. The Floquet problem describing the linear growth of disturbances to an unbounded, uniform-vorticity elliptical flow is solved using exponential asymptotics. The results demonstrate that the flow is unstable for arbitrarily strong rotation and stratification; in particular, both cyclonic and anticyclonic flows are unstable. The instability is weak, however, with growth rates that are exponentially small in the Rossby number. The analytic expression obtained for the growth rate elucidates its dependence on the Burger number and on the eccentricity of the elliptical flow. It explains in particular the weakness of the instability of cyclonic flows, with growth rates that are only a small fraction of those obtained for the corresponding anticyclonic flows. The asymptotic results are confirmed by numerical solutions of Floquet problem.Comment: 17 page

Modeling the effect of variation in sagittal curvature on the force required to produce a follower load in the lumbar spine

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The transition from a coherent optical vortex to a Rankine vortex: beam contrast dependence on topological charge

Spatially coherent helically phased light beams carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) and contain phase singularities at their centre. Destructive interference at the position of the phase singularity means the intensity at this point is necessarily zero, which results in a high contrast between the centre and the surrounding annular intensity distribution. Beams of reduced spatial coherence yet still carrying OAM have previously been referred to as Rankine vortices. Such beams no longer possess zero intensity at their centre, exhibiting a contrast that decreases as their spatial coherence is reduced. In this work, we study the contrast of a vortex beam as a function of its spatial coherence and topological charge. We show that beams carrying higher values of topological charge display a radial intensity contrast that is more resilient to a reduction in spatial coherence of the source

The influence of the strength of bone on the deformation of acetabular shells : a laboratory experiment in cadavers

Date of Acceptance: 24/08/2014 ©2015 The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery. The authors would like to thank N. Taylor (3D Measurement Company) for his work with regard to data acquisition and processing of experimental data. We would also like to thank Dr A. Blain of Newcastle University for performing the statistical analysis The research was supported by the NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre. The authors P. Dold, M. Flohr and R. Preuss are employed by Ceramtec GmbH. Martin Bone received a salary from the joint fund. The author or one or more of the authors have received or will receive benefits for personal or professional use from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. This article was primary edited by G. Scott and first proof edited by J. Scott.Peer reviewedPostprin

The lumbar spine has an intrinsic shape specific to each individual that remains a characteristic throughout flexion and extension

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Can we improve the prediction of hip fracture by assessing bone structure using shape and appearance modelling?

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