390 research outputs found
Towards the Distributed Burning Regime in Turbulent Premixed Flames
Three-dimensional numerical simulations of canonical statistically-steady
statistically-planar turbulent flames have been used in an attempt to produce
distributed burning in lean methane and hydrogen flames. Dilatation across the
flame means that extremely large Karlovitz numbers are required; even at the
extreme levels of turbulence studied (up to a Karlovitz number of 8767)
distributed burning was only achieved in the hydrogen case. In this case,
turbulence was found to broaden the reaction zone visually by around an order
of magnitude, and thermodiffusive effects (typically present for lean hydrogen
flames) were not observed. In the preheat zone, the species compositions differ
considerably from those of one-dimensional flames based a number of different
transport models (mixture-averaged, unity Lewis number, and a turbulent eddy
viscosity model). The behaviour is a characteristic of turbulence dominating
non-unity Lewis number species transport, and the distinct limit is again
attributed to dilatation and its effect on the turbulence. Peak local reaction
rates are found to be lower in the distributed case than in the lower Karlovitz
cases but higher than in the laminar flame, which is attributed to effects that
arise from the modified fuel-temperature distribution that results from
turbulent mixing dominating low Lewis number thermodiffusive effects. Finally,
approaches to achieve distributed burning at realisable conditions are
discussed; factors that increase the likelihood of realising distributed
burning are higher pressure, lower equivalence ratio, higher Lewis number, and
lower reactant temperature
Elliptical instability of a rapidly rotating, strongly stratified fluid
The elliptical instability of a rotating stratified fluid is examined in the
regime of small Rossby number and order-one Burger number corresponding to
rapid rotation and strong stratification. The Floquet problem describing the
linear growth of disturbances to an unbounded, uniform-vorticity elliptical
flow is solved using exponential asymptotics. The results demonstrate that the
flow is unstable for arbitrarily strong rotation and stratification; in
particular, both cyclonic and anticyclonic flows are unstable. The instability
is weak, however, with growth rates that are exponentially small in the Rossby
number. The analytic expression obtained for the growth rate elucidates its
dependence on the Burger number and on the eccentricity of the elliptical flow.
It explains in particular the weakness of the instability of cyclonic flows,
with growth rates that are only a small fraction of those obtained for the
corresponding anticyclonic flows. The asymptotic results are confirmed by
numerical solutions of Floquet problem.Comment: 17 page
Modeling the effect of variation in sagittal curvature on the force required to produce a follower load in the lumbar spine
Peer reviewedPreprin
The transition from a coherent optical vortex to a Rankine vortex: beam contrast dependence on topological charge
Spatially coherent helically phased light beams carry orbital angular momentum (OAM) and contain phase singularities at their centre. Destructive interference at the position of the phase singularity means the intensity at this point is necessarily zero, which results in a high contrast between the centre and the surrounding annular intensity distribution. Beams of reduced spatial coherence yet still carrying OAM have previously been referred to as Rankine vortices. Such beams no longer possess zero intensity at their centre, exhibiting a contrast that decreases as their spatial coherence is reduced. In this work, we study the contrast of a vortex beam as a function of its spatial coherence and topological charge. We show that beams carrying higher values of topological charge display a radial intensity contrast that is more resilient to a reduction in spatial coherence of the source
The influence of the strength of bone on the deformation of acetabular shells : a laboratory experiment in cadavers
Date of Acceptance: 24/08/2014 ©2015 The British Editorial Society of Bone & Joint Surgery. The authors would like to thank N. Taylor (3D Measurement Company) for his work with regard to data acquisition and processing of experimental data. We would also like to thank Dr A. Blain of Newcastle University for performing the statistical analysis The research was supported by the NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre. The authors P. Dold, M. Flohr and R. Preuss are employed by Ceramtec GmbH. Martin Bone received a salary from the joint fund. The author or one or more of the authors have received or will receive benefits for personal or professional use from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article. This article was primary edited by G. Scott and first proof edited by J. Scott.Peer reviewedPostprin
The lumbar spine has an intrinsic shape specific to each individual that remains a characteristic throughout flexion and extension
Peer reviewedPostprin
Can we improve the prediction of hip fracture by assessing bone structure using shape and appearance modelling?
Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Peer reviewedPreprin
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