HIV risk: is it possible to dissuade people from having unsafe sex?

The cumulative number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections worldwide has reached 60 million in little over 30 years. HIV continues to spread despite a detailed understanding of the manner in which it spreads and measures which can prevent spread. Some governments have been highly successful in containing the spread of HIV through blood products and from mother to child and among injecting drug users. Lack of political will, lack of resources or challenges to widely accepted scientific evidence have held back similar interventions in other countries. It has proved much more difficult to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV in both high and low income countries. A wide range of strategies has been identified but it remains unclear which strategies deserve priority and what methods of promoting them have the greatest effect.There is ample evidence that awareness of HIV and changes in sexual behaviour have occurred widely but the penetration of information remains poor in some vulnerable groups especially adolescents and women in poorer countries. Further obstacles face those who have information about the risk.The subordinate position of women and a desire for large families are important obstacles to condom negotiation and use. Urbanization, poverty, conflict and declining public services all exacerbate unsafe sexual behaviour.We argue that so-called ‘structural’ interventions directed at these wider contexts of unsafe behaviour merit greater attention. Such approaches have the added benefit of being less susceptible to ‘risk compensation’ which has the potential to undermine strategies directed at reducing the transmission efficiency of HIV

Materials data handbook, Inconel alloy 718

Materials data handbook on Inconel alloy 718 includes data on the properties of the alloy at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures and other pertinent engineering information required for the design and fabrication of components and equipment utilizing this alloy

Materials data handbook, aluminum alloy 6061

Comprehensive compilation of technical data on aluminum alloy 6061 is presented in handbook form. The text includes data on the properties of the alloy at cryogenic, ambient, and elevated temperatures and other pertinent information required for the design and fabrication of components and equipment utilizing this alloy

Taxability of Scholarships and Fellowship Grants

Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, is a big city with almost one million citizens. The city have got almost 4000 streets of different kinds and it is therefore important to see how the city's cleaning of streets is being managed. The surrounding environment is widely affected by it and a lot of money is being invested in the area since the city is interested in minimize its environmental impact. This study is a literature study which addresses the two largest parts in cleaning of streets, handling of street snow and street dust. It will elucidate how these two flows appears, interact and effect each other as well as how they circulate and recirculate in the city. The report will highlight that the city of Stockholm is doing a lot to minimize the environmental impacts of these flows but also discuss what the city can do to become even better within cleaning of streets from an environmental point of view. Stockholm, Sveriges huvudstad, är en stor stad med nästan en miljon invånare. Staden har ungefär 4000 gator av olika slag och det är därför viktigt att se hur stadens renhållning av gator hanteras. Den omgivande miljön påverkas stort av detta och en massa pengar investeras inom området eftersom staden är angelägen om att minimera sin miljöpåverkan. Denna studie är en litteraturstudie som behandlar två största delarna inom renhållning av gator, nämligen hantering av gatusnö och gatudamm. Den kommer att belysa hur dessa två flöden ser ut, samverkar och påverkar varandra samt hur de cirkulerar och återcirkulera i staden. Rapporten kommer att belysa att Stockholms stad gör en hel del för att minimera miljöpåverkan av dessa flöden men kommer också det att diskutera vad staden kan göra för att bli ännu bättre inom renhållning, utifrån ett miljöperspektiv.

On integrability of the differential constraints arising from the singularity analysis

Integrability of the differential constraints arising from the singularity analysis of two (1+1)-dimensional second-order evolution equations is studied. Two nonlinear ordinary differential equations are obtained in this way, which are integrable by quadratures in spite of very complicated branching of their solutions.Comment: arxiv version is already offcia