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Circulation changes and teleconnections between glacial advances on the west coast of New Zealand and extended spells of drought years in South Africa
Twentieth century changes in the terminal position of the Franz Josef Glacier on the west coast of New Zealand are compared with an areaāaveraged mean annual rainfall series for the summer rainfall region of South Africa. Distinctive teleconnections are evident in an outāofāphase relationship between the two series, each of which exhibits an oscillation of 18ā20 years. Periods of glacial advance are shown to coincide with extended dry spells in South Africa, when drought years are prevalent.
Reconstructed pressure anomaly fields are presented for periods of advance and recession of the glacier and for the interādecadal wet and dry spells in South Africa. In both cases major regional atmospheric circulation adjustments take place in a quasiāregular fashion over time to produce an enhancement in westerly airflow during the periods of drought in Africa and glacial advance on the west coast of New Zealand. Extended wet periods and glacial recession are likewise shown to be associated with an enhancement of easterly components of the circulation. Changes in precipitation, temperature and moisture transport are examined and associations with the Southern Oscillation Index are investigated.
Franz Josef glacial advances are shown to occur 4ā5 years after the onset of enhanced southāwesterly airflow on to the west coast of New Zealand. Advances occur on average 4 years after the onset of extended dry spells in South Africa. Similar atmospheric circulation anomalies in the respective sectors of the Southern Hemisphere and adjustments in the locations of the positions of the ridges in standing wave three are responsible for this correspondence
Normal ventral telencephalic expression of Pax6 is required for normal development of thalamocortical axons in embryonic mice
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In addition to its well-known expression in dorsal telencephalic progenitor cells, where it regulates cell proliferation and identity, the transcription factor Pax6 is expressed in some ventral telencephalic cells, including many postmitotic neurons. Its functions in these cells are unknown.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We generated a new floxed allele of <it>Pax6 </it>and tested the consequences of a highly specific ventral telencephalic depletion of Pax6. We used the <it>Six3</it><sup><it>A1A2</it></sup>-<it>Cre </it>allele that drives production of Cre recombinase in a specific region of Pax6-expression close to the internal capsule, through which thalamic axons navigate to cerebral cortex. Depletion in this region caused many thalamic axons to take aberrant routes, either failing to turn normally into ventral telencephalon to form the internal capsule or exiting the developing internal capsule ventrally. We tested whether these defects might have resulted from abnormalities of two structural features proposed to guide thalamic axons into and through the developing internal capsule. First, we looked for the early pioneer axons that project from the region of the future internal capsule to the thalamus and are thought to guide thalamocortical axons to the internal capsule: we found that they are present in conditional mutants. Second, we examined the development of the corridor of Islet1-expressing cells that guides thalamic axons through ventral telencephalon and found that it was broader and less dense than normal in conditional mutants. We also examined corticofugal axons that are thought to interact with ascending thalamocortical axons, resulting in each set providing guidance to the other, and found that some are misrouted to lateral telencephalon.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings indicate that ventral telencephalic Pax6 is important for formation of the Islet1-expressing corridor and the thalamic and cortical axons that grow through it. We suggest that Pax6 might affect thalamic axonal growth indirectly via its effect on the corridor.</p
Regulation of the Pax6 : Pax6(5a) mRNA ratio in the developing mammalian brain
BACKGROUND: Early in mammalian brain development cell proliferation generates a population of progenitor cells whose subsequent divisions produce increasing numbers of postmitotic neurons. Pax6 affects both processes and it has been suggested that this changing role is due at least in part to changes in the relative concentrations of its two main isoforms, (i) Pax6 and (ii) Pax6(5a), created by insertion of a 42 bp exon (exon 5a) into one of the two DNA-binding domains. Crucially, however, no previous study has determined whether the ratio between Pax6 and Pax6(5a) transcripts alters during mammalian neurogenesis in vivo. RESULTS: Using RNase protection assays, we show that Pax6 transcripts are 6ā10 times more prevalent than Pax6(5a) transcripts early in neurogenesis in the murine telencephalon, diencephalon and hindbrain and that the ratio later falls significantly to about 3:1 in these regions. CONCLUSION: These changes in vivo are similar in magnitude to those shown previously to alter target gene activity in vitro and might, therefore, allow the single mammalian Pax6 gene to carry out different functions at different times in mammalian brain development
Levels of house dust mite allergen in cars [Razine alergena praŔinskih grinja u automobilima]
This small study investigated house dust mite (HDM) allergen levels in cars and their ownersā homes in north-east Scotland. Dust samples from twelve households and cars were collected in a standardised manner. The dust samples were extracted and measured for the Dermatophagoides group 2 allergens (Der p 2 and Der f 2) and total soluble protein. Allergen levels at homes tended to be higher than in the cars, but not significantly. However, they significantly correlated with paired car dust samples expressed either per unit weight of dust or soluble protein (rho=0.657; p=0.02 and 0.769; p=0.003, respectively). This points to house-to-car allergen transfer, with the car allergen levels largely reflecting levels in the ownerās home. Car HDM allergen levels were lower than those reported in Brazil and the USA. Twenty-five percent of the houses and none of the cars had allergen levels in dust greater than 2000 ng g-1. This value is often quoted as a threshold for the risk of sensitisation, although a number of studies report increased risk of sensitisation at lower levels. This small study does not allow for characterisation of the distribution of HDM allergen in vehicles in this geographic area, or of the likely levels in other warmer and more humid areas of the UK. Cars and other vehicles are an under-investigated micro-environment for exposure to allergenic material.
U ovome smo preliminarnom istraživanju izmjerili razine alergena praÅ”inskih grinja u automobilima i domovima njihovih vlasnika u sjevernoistoÄnoj Å kotskoj. Uzorci praÅ”ine uzeti su na standardizirani naÄin iz dvanaest domova i dvanaest odgovarajuÄih automobila. Nakon ekstrakcije izmjerene su razine 2. skupine alergena grinja roda Dermatophagoides (Der p 2 i Der f 2) te njihove ukupne topljive bjelanÄevine. Razine alergena u kuÄama bile su mahom viÅ”e nego u automobilima, ali ne znaÄajno. UoÄena je meÄutim znaÄajna korelacija njihovih razina s razinama u automobilima, bez obzira na to jesu li iskazane udjelom težine po gramu praÅ”ine ili topljivim bjelanÄevinama (rho=0,657; p=0,02 odnosno 0,769; p=0,003). To upuÄuje na prijenos alergena iz kuÄe u auto tj. pokazuje da razine alergena u autima odražavaju razine u domovima njihovih vlasnika. Razine alergena kuÄnih praÅ”inskih grinja u automobilima u Å kotskoj bile su niže od onih izmjerenih u Brazilu i SAD-u. U 25 % domova razina alergena bila je viÅ”a od 2000 ng g-1, a ni u jednom uzorku nije izmjerena razina viÅ”a od te. Ta se vrijednost Äesto smatra graniÄnom za rizik od senzitizacije, premda neka istraživanja govore o poviÅ”enom riziku od senzitizacije i pri nižim razinama alergena. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ne daju uvida u stvarnu prisutnost alergena kuÄnih praÅ”inskih grinja u vozilima u sjeveroistoÄnoj Å kotskoj niti upuÄuju na to kolike bi mogle biti njihove razine u toplijim i vlažnijim krajevima Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva. Automobili i ostala vozila zanemareni su kao izvori izloženosti alergenima
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Equitability revisited: why the āequitable threat scoreā is not equitable
In the forecasting of binary events, verification measures that are āequitableā were defined by Gandin and Murphy to satisfy two requirements: 1) they award all random forecasting systems, including those that always issue the same forecast, the same expected score (typically zero), and 2) they are expressible as the linear weighted sum of the elements of the contingency table, where the weights are independent of the entries in the table, apart from the base rate. The authors demonstrate that the widely used āequitable threat scoreā (ETS), as well as numerous others, satisfies neither of these requirements and only satisfies the first requirement in the limit of an infinite sample size. Such measures are referred to as āasymptotically equitable.ā In the case of ETS, the expected score of a random forecasting system is always positive and only falls below 0.01 when the number of samples is greater than around 30. Two other asymptotically equitable measures are the odds ratio skill score and the symmetric extreme dependency score, which are more strongly inequitable than ETS, particularly for rare events; for example, when the base rate is 2% and the sample size is 1000, random but unbiased forecasting systems yield an expected score of around ā0.5, reducing in magnitude to ā0.01 or smaller only for sample sizes exceeding 25 000. This presents a problem since these nonlinear measures have other desirable properties, in particular being reliable indicators of skill for rare events (provided that the sample size is large enough). A potential way to reconcile these properties with equitability is to recognize that Gandin and Murphyās two requirements are independent, and the second can be safely discarded without losing the key advantages of equitability that are embodied in the first. This enables inequitable and asymptotically equitable measures to be scaled to make them equitable, while retaining their nonlinearity and other properties such as being reliable indicators of skill for rare events. It also opens up the possibility of designing new equitable verification measures
Disruption of early events in thalamocortical tract formation in mice lacking the transcription factors Pax6 or Foxg1
Patterns of index biologic drug registrations to a pharmacovigilance register of psoriasis patients
Cognitive Information Processing
Contains reports on six research projects.National Institutes of Health (Grant 1 PO1 GM-14940-01)National Institutes of Health (Grant 1 PO1 GM-15006-01)Joint Services Electronics Programs (U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, and U. S. Air Force) under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E)Project MAC, an M. I. T. research programAdvanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense, under Office of Naval Research Contract Nonr-4102-(01
The occupation of a box as a toy model for the seismic cycle of a fault
We illustrate how a simple statistical model can describe the quasiperiodic
occurrence of large earthquakes. The model idealizes the loading of elastic
energy in a seismic fault by the stochastic filling of a box. The emptying of
the box after it is full is analogous to the generation of a large earthquake
in which the fault relaxes after having been loaded to its failure threshold.
The duration of the filling process is analogous to the seismic cycle, the time
interval between two successive large earthquakes in a particular fault. The
simplicity of the model enables us to derive the statistical distribution of
its seismic cycle. We use this distribution to fit the series of earthquakes
with magnitude around 6 that occurred at the Parkfield segment of the San
Andreas fault in California. Using this fit, we estimate the probability of the
next large earthquake at Parkfield and devise a simple forecasting strategy.Comment: Final version of the published paper, with an erratum and an
unpublished appendix with some proof
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