Reclaiming Virtue Ethics for Economics

Virtue ethics is an important strand of moral philosophy which normative economists have largely neglected. It underpins influential critiques of the market (as a domain in which instrumental motivation corrodes virtue) and of economics (as justifying such motivation). We explain and respond to this critique. Using the methods of virtue ethics and with reference to the writings of major economists, we propose an understanding of the ‘telos’ (purpose) of markets as cooperation for mutual benefit, and identify traits that thereby count as virtues for market participants. We conclude that the market need not be seen as a virtue-free zone

The Design and Implementation of a Middle School Summer Program: A Guide

At the Annual Administrator\u27s Retreat in August of 1982, the new Assistant Superintendent for Instruction, Dr. Robert Whitehead, asked the middle school vice principals what they felt was needed in the way of new programs or changes in current ones to improve the present curriculum. Several suggestions were presented in the areas of attendance, discipline, and accountability of students. Two assignments were given, one to prepare a Saturday School proposal and the other to identify and establish a need for a summer school program that would be designed to meet the needs of fifth through eighth· grade students. The following report is an effort to present the problems and difficulties that arose in creating a new program in an objective way so that it may be used as a guide for others that wish to establish similar programs

M.A.R.S: the charge ratio of muons in the range 20-500 geV/c in the vertical direction

The sae level muon charge ratio in the near vertical direction has been measured using the Durham spectrograph M.A.R.S. in the religion 10 GeV/c to about 500 GeV/c. A detailed description of the apparatus used in the experiment is given. Based on approximately 1.3 x 10(^6) particles the mean ratio, over the whole energy range is found to be l.2850 + 0.0023. This is consistent with previous measurements made with the same instrument and also with results of other workers. No evidence for pronounced maxima or minims in the ratio as a function of momentum is seen. There is however, some indication of a broad maximum in the ratio in the region 20-50 GeV/c followed by a somewhat lower ratio to about 200 GeV/c. Using data from the intersecting storage rings experiment an attempt has been made to estimate the expected muon change ratio at sea level. This estimated ratio is found to be higher than the observed value. The reasons for the discrepancy are thought to be a combination of inadequate pion production data and the effects of intranuclear cascading. Other possible causes - a breakdown in scaling and changes in the primary spectrum are also discussed

Science Education for Citizenship and a Sustainable Future

In this article Jerry Wellington argues very strongly in favour of the role of science in citizenship education. He emphasizes the need for knowledge, skills and action and suggests areas and ways in which pupils can be engaged in the struggle for a sustainable future where interdependence and interconnectedness mesh well with notions of equity and justice

A Slight Excess of Large Scale Power from Moments of the Peculiar Velocity Field

The peculiar motions of galaxies can be used to infer the distribution of matter in the Universe. It has recently been shown that measurements of the peculiar velocity field indicates an anomalously high bulk flow of galaxies in our local volume. In this paper we find the implications of the high bulk flow for the power spectrum of density fluctuations. We find that analyzing only the dipole moment of the velocity field yields an average power spectrum amplitude which is indeed much higher than the LCDM value. However, by also including shear and octupole moments of the velocity field, and marginalizing over possible values for the growth rate, an average power spectrum amplitude which is consistent with LCDM is recovered. We attempt to infer the shape of the matter power spectrum from moments of the velocity field, and find a slight excess of power on scales ~ h-1 Gpc.Comment: 6 pages,6 figures, updated to match accepted versio

Biological properties of adriamycin bound to biodegradable polymeric carriers

Three different conjugates having adriamycin (ADR) bound to the side chain carboxyl groups of high-molecular weight poly (¿--glutamic acid) (PGA) either directly or by interpolation of GlyGly and GlyGlyGlyLeu spacers, respectively, were compared with respect to immunogenicity and cytotoxicity in mice as well as release of drug by lysosomal enzymes. The cytotoxic efficacy of a single i.p. dose of each conjugate (5 mg ADR-equiv./kg) against L1210 leukemia cells implanted i.p. in DBA2 mice was studied by monitoring the survival time, the body weight and the number of long-term survivors (LTS). PGA-GlyGlyGlyLeu-ADR and PGA-GlyGly-ADR significantly enhanced the mean survival time (MST) of treated animals compared with the untreated control group (T/C 148¿149%) as did free ADR (T/C 147%). The tetrapeptide-spacer containing conjugate effected the presence of LTS at day 50 (2/5) as did free ADR (1/5).\ud \ud The secondary antibody response of the drug conjugates elicited in A/J mice after repeated dosage (125 ¿g/mouse) at day 0, 14 and 28 was evaluated at day 35 using the ELISA technique. IgG titers varied from a very low value (PGA-GlyGlyGlyLeu-ADR) to moderately high levels (PGA-ADR, PGA-GlyGly-ADR) which are 2¿3 orders of magnitude below that obtained for the strong immunogen bovine IgG. The data suggest that certain parts on the surface of the conjugates are immunogenic.\ud \ud The release of extractable low-molecular weight products from the conjugates mediated by lysosomal enzymes was analyzed using reversed-phase HPLC. The release profile of ADR as well as Gly-ADR, Leu-ADR or GlyLeu-ADR was determined. The total amount of ADR released after 77 h was 3.6% for PGA-GlyGlyGly-Leu-ADR, 1.0% for PGA-GlyGly-ADR and 0.5% for PGA-ADR. With all conjugates unidentified products were produced.\ud \ud It is proposed that the mechanism of action of the polymeric conjugates under in vivo conditions may be due to pinocytic capture followed by lysosomal degradation with release of ADR