Regularity of Horizons and The Area Theorem

We prove that the area of sections of future event horizons in space-times satisfying the null energy condition is non-decreasing towards the future under any one of the following circumstances: 1) the horizon is future geodesically complete; 2) the horizon is a black hole event horizon in a globally hyperbolic space-time and there exists a conformal completion with a ``H-regular'' Scri plus; 3) the horizon is a black hole event horizon in a space-time which has a globally hyperbolic conformal completion. (Some related results under less restrictive hypotheses are also established.) This extends a theorem of Hawking, in which piecewise smoothness of the event horizon seems to have been assumed. No assumptions about the cosmological constant or its sign are made. We prove smoothness or analyticity of the relevant part of the event horizon when equality in the area inequality is attained - this has applications to the theory of stationary black holes, as well as to the structure of compact Cauchy horizons. In the course of the proof we establish several new results concerning the differentiability properties of horizons.Comment: final version to appear in Annales Henri Poincare, various changes as suggested by a referee, in particular a section on Krolak's area theorems adde

The Harmony of Nature

This article is an exploration of the award-winning piece Earth’s Lonely Heart composed by Jeremy West. More specifically, a description of his influences, beliefs, and techniques, combined with his passion for the environment, his technical expertise, and his musical talents are presented. It was only after joining MacEwan’s music program that Jeremy realized his passion for composition and became more than simply a drummer. His inspiration for the piece was humanity’s symbiotic relationship with the Earth and how we as humans treat the Earth

Technique to treat iliopsoas irritation after total hip replacement: Thickening of articular hip capsule through an abridged direct anterior approach

AbstractIliopsoas irritation due to acetabular cup component impingement following total hip arthroplasty (THA) is usually treated by infiltration or by distal iliopsoas tenotomy in case of recurrence; however, this can result in an active flexion deficit of the thigh. To prevent this complication, we developed an original technique that we performed between 2012 and 2014 in patients with recurrent impingement following extraarticular corticosteroid injections. This included 5 patients (mean age: 64 [53–75] years old) in whom we performed an ambulatory bursectomy by the Hueter approach and placed a polyglactin 910 (Vicryl™) mesh plate on the entire anterior hip capsule. After a mean follow-up of 12months (9–29months), anterior pain had decreased in all patients with improvement and an increase in the Oxford-12 (mean: 15 points [10–19]), Merle d’Aubigné (mean: 2.5 points [1–5]) and Harris (mean: 18 points [10–29]) scores. No flexion deficits were observed. An infected postoperative hematoma had to be drained but was cured at follow-up. This simple procedure provides satisfactory results and preserves THA function. It does not jeopardize future procedures and is an alternative option in case of unsuccessful conservative treatment

Mutation du foncier agricole en frange urbaine : élaboration et mise à l'épreuve d'une politique de régulation territoriale

International audienceLe pôle urbain de Montpellier s'est largement étalé lors des dernières décennies à la faveur de son dynamisme démographique et du retrait de la viticulture : la " maîtrise " communale de l'urbanisme s'est traduite par une urbanisation tous azimuts. Comment mettre fin à ces processus sans compromettre l'économie résidentielle ? C'est une priorité de la nouvelle intercommunalité dont la politique d'aménagement est analysée. La genèse de cette politique est retracée ainsi que sa traduction dans le schéma de cohérence territoriale, dont les objectifs d'économie d'espace et les outils - identification des limites, densification, maîtrise foncière - sont détaillés. Sa mise en ½uvre au niveau communal révèle les forces et les faiblesses de cette politique. Cette étude empirique soutient une réflexion plus générale sur les dynamiques foncières périurbaines et les outils politiques de régulation, à la croisée des problématiques de gouvernance territoriale et de préservation des ressources

Gluing construction of initial data with Kerr-de Sitter ends

We construct initial data sets which satisfy the vacuum constraint equa- tions of General Relativity with positive cosmologigal constant. More pre- silely, we deform initial data with ends asymptotic to Schwarzschild-de Sitter to obtain non-trivial initial data with exactly Kerr-de Sitter ends. The method is inspired from Corvino's gluing method. We obtain here a extension of a previous result for the time-symmetric case by Chru\'sciel and Pollack.Comment: 27 pages, 3 figure

Aggregated proteins in schizophrenia and other chronic mental diseases: DISC1opathies

Chronic mental diseases (CMD) like the schizophrenias are progressive diseases of heterogenous but poorly understood biological origin. An imbalance in proteostasis is a hallmark of dysfunctional neurons, leading to impaired clearance and abnormal deposition of protein aggregates. Thus, it can be hypothesized that unbalanced proteostasis in such neurons may also lead to protein aggregates in schizophrenia. These protein aggregates, however, would be more subtle then in the classical neurodegenerative diseases and as such have not yet been detected. The DISC1 (Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1) gene is considered among the most promising candidate genes for CMD having been identified as linked to CMD in a Scottish pedigree and having since been found to associate to various phenotypes of CMD. We have recently demonstrated increased insoluble DISC1 protein in the cingular cortex in approximately 20% of cases of CMD within the widely used Stanley Medical Research Institute Consortium Collection. Surprisingly, in vitro, DISC1 aggregates were cell-invasive, i.e., purified aggresomes or recombinant DISC1 fragments where internalized at an efficiency comparable to that of α-synuclein. Intracellular DISC1 aggresomes acquired gain-of-function properties in recruiting otherwise soluble proteins such as the candidate schizophrenia protein dysbindin. Disease-associated DISC1 polymorphism S704C led to a higher oligomerization tendency of DISC1. These findings justify classification of DISC1-dependent brain disorders as protein conformational disorders which we have tentatively termed DISC1opathies. The notion of disturbed proteostasis and protein aggregation as a mechanism of mental diseases is thus emerging. The yet unidentified form of neuronal impairment in CMD is more subtle than in the classical neurodegenerative diseases without leading to massive cell death and as such present a different kind of neuronal dysfunctionality, eventually confined to highly selective CNS subpopulations

Metrics with Prescribed Ricci Curvature near the Boundary of a Manifold

Suppose $M$ is a manifold with boundary. Choose a point $o\in\partial M$. We investigate the prescribed Ricci curvature equation \Ric(G)=T in a neighborhood of $o$ under natural boundary conditions. The unknown $G$ here is a Riemannian metric. The letter $T$ in the right-hand side denotes a (0,2)-tensor. Our main theorems address the questions of the existence and the uniqueness of solutions. We explain, among other things, how these theorems may be used to study rotationally symmetric metrics near the boundary of a solid torus $\mathcal T$. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the Einstein equation on $\mathcal T$.Comment: 13 page

Nuclear localization of the mitochondrial factor HIGD1A during metabolic stress.

Cellular stress responses are frequently governed by the subcellular localization of critical effector proteins. Apoptosis-inducing Factor (AIF) or Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH), for example, can translocate from mitochondria to the nucleus, where they modulate apoptotic death pathways. Hypoxia-inducible gene domain 1A (HIGD1A) is a mitochondrial protein regulated by Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α (HIF1α). Here we show that while HIGD1A resides in mitochondria during physiological hypoxia, severe metabolic stress, such as glucose starvation coupled with hypoxia, in addition to DNA damage induced by etoposide, triggers its nuclear accumulation. We show that nuclear localization of HIGD1A overlaps with that of AIF, and is dependent on the presence of BAX and BAK. Furthermore, we show that AIF and HIGD1A physically interact. Additionally, we demonstrate that nuclear HIGD1A is a potential marker of metabolic stress in vivo, frequently observed in diverse pathological states such as myocardial infarction, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), and different types of cancer. In summary, we demonstrate a novel nuclear localization of HIGD1A that is commonly observed in human disease processes in vivo

What is required to end the AIDS epidemic as a public health threat by 2030? The cost and impact of the fast-track approach

In 2011 a new Investment Framework was proposed that described how the scale-up of key HIV interventions could dramatically reduce new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths in low and middle income countries by 2015. This framework included ambitious coverage goals for prevention and treatment services for 2015, resulting in a reduction of new HIV infections by more than half, in line with the goals of the declaration of the UN High Level Meeting in June 2011. However, the approach suggested a leveling in the number of new infections at about 1 million annually-far from the UNAIDS goal of ending AIDS by 2030. In response, UNAIDS has developed the Fast-Track approach that is intended to provide a roadmap to the actions required to achieve this goal. The Fast-Track approach is predicated on a rapid scale-up of focused, effective prevention and treatment services over the next 5 years and then maintaining a high level of programme implementation until 2030. Fast-Track aims to reduce new infections and AIDS-related deaths by 90% from 2010 to 2030 and proposes a set of biomedical, behavioral and enabling intervention targets for 2020 and 2030 to achieve that goal, including the rapid scale-up initiative for antiretroviral treatment known as 90-90-90. Compared to a counterfactual scenario of constant coverage for all services at early-2015 levels, the Fast-Track approach would avert 18 million HIV infections and 11 million deaths from 2016 to 2030 globally. This paper describes the analysis that produced these targets and the estimated resources needed to achieve them in low- and middle-income countries. It indicates that it is possible to achieve these goals with a significant push to achieve rapid scale-up of key interventions between now and 2020. The annual resources required from all sources would rise to US$7.4Bn in low-income countries, US$8.2Bn in lower middle-income countries and US$10.5Bn in upper-middle-income-countries by 2020 before declining approximately 9% by 2030