Learning Objectives for E-Learning Instruction

This chapter presents a new concept called learning objective for an e-learning instructional model that combines objectivist and constructivist learning theories. A learning objective is composed of learning objects, a concept inherited from the object-oriented paradigm, which permit to reuse educational content across different e-courses that are accessible over the Internet. The instructional model proposed structures the educational contents on the basis of the concept of learning objective, mapping constructivist principles to the instructional design by means of a more pragmatic approach that focuses on the principles of moderate constructivism. Collaborative activities are also included to create a social environment that acts as a scaffold for collaborative learning and dialectical constructivism

Reduction and follow-up of hospital discharge letter delay using Little's law.

As discharge letters (DL) hold important information for healthcare professionals and especially for general practitioners, rapid and efficient finalization is required. We describe a project aiming to reduce DL submission within 8 days in our Urology Department (UD), as required by the local Hospital Board (HB). A team was built in UD with staff members and one external expert to study the root causes of delayed DL creation and develop sustainable strategies to improve and monitor the process, including habits changing, training and application of Little's Law. The study started on January 2015 and ended up on March 2016, involving 908 and 616 DL for old and new process, respectively. The new process decreased the average delay of DL completion from 24.88 days to 14.7 days. Standard deviation of total average delay for DL completion fell from 10.1 days to 7.5 days. We identified four steps needed to DL creation and allowed maximum 2 days for every step completion. No additional resources were employed. We were able to improve the process of DL creation, by analysing its steps and reducing their variability. This can be easily transposed to other medical departments

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