XML::DT : a PERL down translation module

In this paper we present a Perl module, called XML::DT, that can be used to translate and transform XML documents. A programmer always looks for the simplest tool to do a certain task, development and maintenance will be easier. That is the main idea behind the module we are presenting: a simple tool that will enable the user to speed up his work and that will help him to maintain it. XML::DT includes some down translation features that are common to other SGML/XML processors available on the market like Omnimark, or Balise, and some other features to deal with input and output of Unicode character sets. The idea was to adopt familiar concepts together with a familiar syntax to SGML/XML programmers but shaped to the usual Perl notation.GC

Faunal remains associated with human cremations: The chalcolithic pits 16 and 40 from the Perdigões ditched enclosures (Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal)

Different funerary behaviors are recorded in the Iberian Peninsula during Late Prehistory. Cremation is not the most common practice and the association between human cremains and fauna is even scarcer. We present two Chalcolithic pits (pits 16 and 40) from the Perdigoes ditched enclosures, Reguengos de Monsaraz, Portugal. Humans were accompanied by animals and other votive materials such as arrowheads, ivory anthropomorphic figurines, and marble idols. Differences between the two contexts are discussed regarding the selection of faunal anatomical parts, the abundance of species, and the manipulation of remains. The results obtained were compared to previously published data from anthropological analysis. Burning damage intensity is different among pits and between humans and fauna. Hence, this suggests that the latter also resulted from diverse practices, including the possible selection of animal body portions for cremation and/or the deposition of selected burned bones or even related to patterns existing in the contexts of the provenance of the cremated materials before the cremation events.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Tameness of pseudovariety joins involving R

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 20M07 (primary); 20M05, 20M35, 68Q70 (secondary).In this paper, we establish several decidability results for pseudovariety joins of the form VvW, where V is a subpseudovariety of J or the pseudovariety R. Here, J (resp. R) denotes the pseudovariety of all J-trivial (resp. R-trivial) semigroups. In particular, we show that the pseudovariety VvW is (completely) kappa-tame when V is a subpseudovariety of J with decidable kappa-word problem and W is (completely) kappa-tame. Moreover, if W is a kappa-tame pseudovariety which satisfies the pseudoidentity x_1...x_ry^{\omega+1}zt^\omega = x_1... x_ryzt^\omega, then we prove that RvW is also kappa-tame. In particular the joins RvAb, RvG, RvOCR, and RvCR are decidable.União Europeia (UE). Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) - POCTI/32817/MAT/2000.International Association for the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists from the New Independent States (NIS) of the Former Soviet Union (INTAS) - project 99-1224.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

Algebraic specification of documents

According to recent research, nearly 95 percent of a corporate information is stored in documents. Further studies indicate that companies spent between 6 and 10 percent of their gross revenues printing and distributing documents in several ways: web and cdrom publishing, database storage and retrieval and printing. In this context documents exist in some different formats, from pure ascii files to internal database or text processor formats. It is clear that document reusability and low-cost maintenance are two important issues in the near future. The majority of available document processors is purpose-oriented, reducing the necessary flexibility and reusability of documents. Some waste of time arises from adapting the same text to different purposes. For example you may want to have the same document as an article as a set of slides or as a poster; or you can have a dictionnary document producing a book and a list of words for a spell-checker. This conversion could be done automatically from the first version of the document if it complies some standard requirements. The key idea will be to keep a complete separation between syntax and semantics. In this way we produce an abstract description separating conceptual issues from those concerned with the use. This note proposes a few guidelines to build a system to solve the above problem. Such a system should be an algebraic based environment and provide facilities for: - Document type definitions; - Definition of functions over document types; - Document definitions as algebraic terms. This approach (rooted in the tradition of constructive algebraic specification), will allow for homogeneous environment to deal with operations such as merging documents, converting formats, translating documents, extracting different kinds of information (to set up information repositories, data bases, or semantic networks) or portions of documents (as it happens, for instance, in literate programming), and some other actions, not so traditional, like mail reply, or memo production. We intend to use CAMILA (a specification language and prototyping environment developed at Universidade do Minho, by the Computer Science group) to develop the above mentioned system

Document semantics: Two approaches

SGML introduced DTD idea to formally describe document syntax and structure. One of its main characteristics is the fact of being purely declarative and fully independent of the future document's processing (typesetting, formatting, translation/transformation). In this context, SGML has become the international standard to be followed. Sooner or later, a document has to be processed. In order to do that we need to associate semantics to the document's structure. In a compiler context, normally we separate semantics in two, static and dynamic. Establishing a parallelism with document processing, we can think of the document's decorated tree (as recognized by a SGML analyzer) as being the static semantics and document's tree transformation and/or reaction as dynamic semantics. Pursuing this idea, we will present and discuss a study of the relationship between SGML, DAST (Decorated Abstract Syntax Tree), and Algebraic Specification tools, in order to better understand how to formally process documents in general and how to specify and build generic document processing tools

Benefits management for an e-invoice process

This paper presents the application of a Benefits Management (BM) Methodology to an e-lnvoice project, and analyzes the results brought forth by the application of the methodology to the project and its contribution towards a wider adoption in the targeted Organization. A Case Study research method has been used which began with a gathering and treatment of data related to the emission and reception of the invoices, continued with the identification of the type of investment and ended with the application of the chosen BM approach. The methodology demonstrated the financial viability of the project, identified and structured the resulting benefits and facilitated the understanding and preparation for the required transformations in the Organization, including processes, competencies/skills and technologies. The BM approach brings to the Organization a more wide and consolidated vision for the projects, a greater foresight and support for a rational decision on IS/IT investments and the strategic alignment of resources with the company objectives and priorities

O Fragmento, A Metade e O Todo : aproximação às deposições de cerâmica e fauna da Fossa 50 do recinto dos Perdigões (primeira metade do 3º milénio AC)

This paper presents the sequence of depositions inside Pit 50 of Perdigões ditched enclosure, dating from the first half of the 3rd millennium BC, and discusses the patterning that emerges from the detailed analysis of the distribution and levels of integrity of pottery and faunal remains along the infilling sequence. It is argued that these patterns are intentional and incorporate metaphorical meanings. Some interpretative hypothesis are put forward, taking in consideration the global scenario provided by Perdigões enclosure, from which this particular context recursively retrieves and provides significance.O Fragmento, A Metade e O Todo: aproximação às deposições de cerâmica e fauna da Fossa 50 do recinto dos Perdigões (primeira metade do 3º milénio AC). Este artigo apresenta a sequência de deposições no interior da Fossa 50 do recinto de fossos dos Perdigões, datada da primeira metade do 3º milénio AC, e discute o padrão que emerge de uma análise detalhada da distribuição e níveis de integralidade da cerâmica e restos faunísticos ao longo da sequência. Algumas hipóteses interpretativas são avançadas, tendo em consideração o cenário global proporcionado pelos Perdigões, do qual este contexto específico recursivamente retira e providencia sentido.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Free profinite R-trivial, locally idempotent and locally commutative semigroups

This paper is concerned with the structure of implicit operations on R intersection with LJ1, the pseudovariety of all R-trivial, locally idempotent and locally commutative semigroups. We give a unique factorization statement, in terms of component projections and idempotent elements, for the implicit operations on R intersection with LJ1. As an application we give a combinatorial description of the languages that are both R-trivial and locally testable. A similar study is conducted for the pseudovariety DA intersection with LJ1 of locally idempotent and locally commutative semigroups in which each regular D-class is a rectangular band.INVOTAN, grant 4/ A/94/PO.PRC-GdR AM

SGML documents : where does quality go?

Quality control in electronic publications should be one of the major concerns of everyone who is managing a project. Big projects, like digital libraries, try to gather information from a series of different sources: libraries, museums, universities, and other scientific or cultural organizations. Collecting and treating information from several different sources raises very interesting problems, one being the assurance of quality. Quality in electronic publications can be reflected in several forms, from the visual aspects of the interface, to linguistic and literary aspects, to the correctness of data. With SGML we can solve part of the problem, structural/syntactic correctness. SGML provides a nice way to specify the structure of documents keeping a complete separation between structure (syntax) and typesetting. Today there are lots of editors and environments that can assist the user producing well-formed and valid SGML documents (validating their structure). However, current software still gives the user too much freedom. The user has full control of the data being introduced, creating a margin for errors. In this context there are situations where pre-conditions over the information being introduced should be enforced in order to prevent the user from introducing erroneous data; we shall call this process data semantics validation. The idea is to constrain the values of some structural elements of a document according to its final purpose. This way the user (who writes the documents according to that DTD) will not have full control of his data; he will be forced to obey certain domain range limitations or certain information relationships. SGML does not have the necessary constructs to implement this extra validation task. In this paper we will present and discuss ways of associating a constraint language with the SGML model. We will present the steps towards the implementation of that language. In the end, we present a new SGML authoring and processing model which has an extra validation task: semantic validation. Along the paper we will show some case studies that could have their quality improved with this new working scheme