1,882 research outputs found
Implications of plant material origin, land use history and soil properties in the incidence of verticillium wilt in olive groves
8 pĂĄginas, 2 figuras, 1 tabla.The increased presence of Verticillium wilt (Verticillium
dahliae Kleb.) in olive groves is often related to the
use of infected propagation material and to the planting
of new olive trees in contaminated soils. This study assessed
the implications of plant propagation, land-use
history and soil properties on disease prevalence in
southern Spain, the most important olive-growing area
worldwide. To this purpose, a large-scale sampling survey
was carried out in this area, V. dahliae pathotypes
were identified by PCR, and GIS was used to analyze
soil properties and cropland-use history. Finally, multiple
correspondence analysis was performed to show the
statistical association between the variables taken into
account. Results strongly indicated the potential risk of
planting olive in valleys with irrigated cropland history,
especially those that had hosted herbaceous crops, highlighted
the importance of using pathogen-free certified
planting material as a key component for a successful
disease management, and confirmed the role played by
saline, alkaline, and steep-slope soils in enhancing V.
dahliae prevalence.The research was supported by Caja Rural Foundation.Peer reviewe
Scenarios of intermittent E. coli contamination from sewer overflows to shellfish growing waters: the Dart Estuary case study
Sewage overflows (SOs) and Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) significantly contribute to the bacterial contamination of coastal waters, which is of especial concern for aquaculture, a growing industry worldwide. Hydrodynamic and water quality models were used to investigate impacts of CSO discharge frequency and duration, river discharge and tides on Escherichia coli levels at shellfish farming sites in the Dart Estuary (UK), being the employed methodology generally applicable. High E. coli contamination occurred during neap tides and high river discharges due to higher retention and lower bacterial decay. Synchronicity of CSO spills affected the duration of the pollution episodes rather than peak concentrations, more influenced by discharges of the neighbouring CSOs. During peak discharges, E. coli concentrations could be 10 times higher than during average flows. CSO spills were more frequent when rainfall was >20 mm. Model outputs combined with rainfall forecasts can indicate microbiological contamination risk in the aquaculture sites.En prensa2,35
S wave velocity structure below central Mexico using high-resolution surface wave tomography
Shear wave velocity of the crust below central Mexico is estimated using surface wave dispersion measurements from regional earthquakes recorded on a dense, 500 km long linear seismic network. Vertical components of regional records from 90 well-located earthquakes were used to compute Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion curves. A tomographic inversion, with high resolution in a zone close to the array, obtained for periods between 5 and 50 s reveals significant differences relative to a reference model, especially at larger periods (>30 s). A 2-D S wave velocity model is obtained from the inversion of local dispersion curves that were reconstructed from the tomographic solutions. The results show large differences, especially in the lower crust, among back-arc, volcanic arc, and fore-arc regions; they also show a well-resolved low-velocity zone just below the active part of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) suggesting the presence of a mantle wedge. Low densities in the back arc, inferred from the low shear wave velocities, can provide isostatic support for the TMVB
A new strategy to design SIW-fed arrays
In this work, a new full-wave strategy, with very low
iteration times, is proposed for the optimization and design of
antenna arrays fed by substrate integrated waveguides. The
device is decomposed into fixed and modifiable (to be optimized)
sections, whose generalized scattering matrices are precomputed.
The response of the array is calculated by considering firstly only
the interactions between the fixed sections, which are then
coupled to the modifiable ones in each iteration of an
optimization process. To validate the proposed strategy, a
transversal 16-slot antenna array, placed on the top plate of a
substrate integrated waveguide, has been designed. A speed-up
factor of over 2000 times, compared to general purpose
commercial software, has been obtained in this optimization
process. The final design presents a 1.05 GHz bandwidth under -
10 dB in terms of |S11|, a maximum realized gain of 17.5 dBi at 17
GHz, and a 99.95% maximum efficiency (without dielectric and
conductor losses).
Index TermsâAddition theorems, cylindrical modes, spherical
modes, optimization process, antenna array, substrate integrated
waveguide (SIW)
A Cytochemical Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Non-Specific Acid Esterase and Acid Phosphatase Activities in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
We analyzed the distribution patterns of nonspecific acid esterase and acid phosphatase activities with cytochemistry-scanning electron microscopy in backscattered and secondary electron imaging modes in isolated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes . The analysis of non-specific acid esterase activity in the backscattered electron imaging mode showed, in some cells, focal distribution with a well-defined, homogenous deposit. Two patterns of acid phosphatase activity were evident with the backscattered electron imaging mode, i.e., focal and granular. Peripheral blood lymphocytes showing focal activity of both enzymes presented a smooth surface with few scattered microvilli as seen with the secondary electron imaging mode ; while lymphocytes with a granular pattern of acid phosphatase activity had abundant microvilli . The correlation between patterns of enzymatic activity as seen in backscattering electron imaging mode, and surface morphological features as seen with secondary electron imaging mode, distinguished a subpopulation of lymphocytes of T lineage in human peripheral blood
Temperature-independent quantum logic for molecular spectroscopy
We propose a fast and non-destructive spectroscopic method for single
molecular ions that implements quantum logic schemes between an atomic ion and
the molecular ion of interest. Our proposal relies on a hybrid coherent
manipulation of the two-ion system, using optical or magnetic forces depending
on the types of molecular levels to be addressed (Zeeman, rotational,
vibrational or electronic degrees of freedom). The method is especially suited
for the non-destructive precision spectroscopy of single molecular ions, and
sets a starting point for new hybrid quantum computation schemes that combine
molecular and atomic ions, covering the measurement and entangling steps.Comment: v3. Substantially enlarged manuscript with details of derivations and
calculations in two appendices. To appear in PR
Noninvasive assessment of inspiratory muscle neuromechanical coupling during inspiratory threshold loading
Diaphragm neuromechanical coupling (NMC), which reflects the efficiency of conversion of neural activation to transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), is increasingly recognized to be a useful clinical index of diaphragm function and respiratory mechanics in neuromuscular weakness and cardiorespiratory disease. However, the current gold standard assessment of diaphragm NMC requires invasive measurements of Pdi and crural diaphragm electromyography (oesEMGdi), which complicates the measurement of diaphragm NMC in clinical practice. This is the first study to compare invasive measurements of diaphragm NMC (iNMC) using the relationship between Pdi and oesEMGdi, with noninvasive assessment of NMC (nNMC) using surface mechanomyography (sMMGlic) and electromyography (sEMGlic) of lower chest wall inspiratory muscles. Both invasive and noninvasive measurements were recorded in twelve healthy adult subjects during an inspiratory threshold loading protocol. A linear relationship between noninvasive sMMGlic and sEMGlic measurements was found, resulting in little change in nNMC with increasing inspiratory load. By contrast, a curvilinear relationship between invasive Pdi and oesEMGdi measurements was observed, such that there was a progressive increase in iNMC with increasing inspiratory threshold load. Progressive recruitment of lower ribcage muscles, serving to enhance the mechanical advantage of the diaphragm, may explain the more linear relationship between sMMGlic and sEMGlic (both representing lower intercostal plus costal diaphragm activity) than between Pdi and crural oesEMGdi. Noninvasive indices of NMC derived from sEMGlic and sMMGlic may prove to be useful indices of lower chest wall inspiratory muscle NMC, particularly in settings that do not have access to invasive measures of diaphragm function.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
Influencia del ĂĄngulo de la proyecciĂłn de abrasivos en la limpieza de materiales pĂ©treos detrĂticos en Patrimonio ArquitectĂłnico
In this research, the influence of the angle in abrasive blasting cleaning is studied on MontjuĂŻc sandstone with black crust. After analyzing the properties of the soiling and the material, and their possible influence on the treatment, different cleaning tests were made at four different angles, keeping the complementary parameters constant. Taking the restorerâs perspective as a starting point, and in order to fulfill the practical requirements of an intervention âtime and cost reductionâ, tests were evaluated with USB digital microscope, stereomicroscope with 3D visualization and measurement, and colorimeter. From the results it is established that angles close to 75° minimize surface alteration, reducing differential erosion in the binding phases of detritic materials usually caused by this treatment.En este trabajo se estudia la influencia del ĂĄngulo de la proyecciĂłn de abrasivos en la limpieza de una arenisca de MontjuĂŻc con costra negra. Tras analizar las propiedades del material, de la suciedad y su posible influencia en el tratamiento, se realizan diferentes catas de limpieza con cuatro ĂĄngulos distintos manteniendo constantes el resto de parĂĄmetros de la proyecciĂłn. Partiendo de la visiĂłn del conservador-restaurador y de un carĂĄcter prĂĄctico segĂșn las necesidades reales de una intervenciĂłn âreducciĂłn de tiempos y costesâ, los ensayos se evalĂșan con microscopio digital USB, microscopio estereoscĂłpico con visualizaciĂłn y mediciĂłn en 3D y colorĂmetro. De los resultados se puede determinar que ĂĄngulos cercanos a 75° minimizan la alteraciĂłn de la superficie al reducir la erosiĂłn diferencial de las fases de uniĂłn que el tratamiento normalmente provoca en los materiales detrĂticos
The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions
The adult body size of the Mediterranean fruit Ăy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
(Diptera: Tephritidae), varies in natural conditions. Body size is an important Ătness indicator in the
Mediterranean fruit Ăy;largerindividuals are more competitive at mating and have a greater dispersion
capacity and fertility. Both temperature during larval development and host fruit quality have been
cited as possible causes for this variation.We studied the inĂuence of host fruit and temperature during
larval development on adult body size (wing area) in the laboratory, and determined body size
variation in Ăeld populations of the Mediterannean fruit Ăy in eastern Spain. Field Ăies measured had
two origins: 1) Ăies periodically collected throughout the year in Ăeld traps from 32 citrus groves,
during the period 2003Ă2007; and 2) Ăies evolved from different fruit species collected between June
and December in 2003 and 2004. In the lab, wing area of male and female adults varied signiĂcantly
with temperature during larval development, being larger at the lowest temperature. Adult size also
was signiĂcantly different depending on the host fruit in which larvae developed. The size of the Ăies
captured at the Ăeld, either from traps or from fruits, varied seasonally showing a gradual pattern of
change along the year. The largest individuals were obtained during winter and early spring and the
smallest during late summer. In Ăeld conditions, the size of the adult Mediterannean fruit Ăy seems
apparently more related with air temperature than with host fruit. The implications of this adult size
pattern on the biology ofC. capitata and on the application of the sterile insect technique are discussed.We thank Apostolos Pekas for his useful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. This work was supported by the project RTA03-103-C6-3 assigned to F. G. M. from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Navarro Campos, C.; MartĂnez Ferrer, MT.; Campos, J.; Fibla, JM.; Alcaide, J.; Bargues Desolmes, L.; Marzal Moreno, C.... (2011). The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions. Environmental Entomology. 90(4):931-938. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10302S931938904Albajes R. Santiago-Alvarez C. 1980. Influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Trypetidae). An. INIA. 13: 183â190.Angilletta, Jr.,, M. J., & Dunham, A. E. (2003). The TemperatureâSize Rule in Ectotherms: Simple Evolutionary Explanations May Not Be General. 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