31,721 research outputs found
Bounding quantum gate error rate based on reported average fidelity
Remarkable experimental advances in quantum computing are exemplified by
recent announcements of impressive average gate fidelities exceeding 99.9% for
single-qubit gates and 99% for two-qubit gates. Although these high numbers
engender optimism that fault-tolerant quantum computing is within reach, the
connection of average gate fidelity with fault-tolerance requirements is not
direct. Here we use reported average gate fidelity to determine an upper bound
on the quantum-gate error rate, which is the appropriate metric for assessing
progress towards fault-tolerant quantum computation, and we demonstrate that
this bound is asymptotically tight for general noise. Although this bound is
unlikely to be saturated by experimental noise, we demonstrate using explicit
examples that the bound indicates a realistic deviation between the true error
rate and the reported average fidelity. We introduce the Pauli distance as a
measure of this deviation, and we show that knowledge of the Pauli distance
enables tighter estimates of the error rate of quantum gates.Comment: New Journal of Physics Fast Track Communication. Gold open access
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Gravitational polarization and the phenomenology of MOND
The modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) has been proposed as an alternative to
the dark matter paradigm; the philosophy behind is that there is no dark matter
and we witness a violation of the Newtonian law of dynamics. In this article,
we interpret differently the phenomenology sustaining MOND, as resulting from
an effect of "gravitational polarization", of some cosmic fluid made of dipole
moments, aligned in the gravitational field, and representing a new form of
dark matter. We invoke an internal force, of non-gravitational origin, in order
to hold together the microscopic constituents of the dipole. The dipolar
particles are weakly influenced by the distribution of ordinary matter; they
are accelerated not by the gravitational field, but by its gradient, or tidal
gravitational field.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit
Two-Color Terawatt Laser System For High-Intensity Laser-Plasma Experiments
We report a two-color terawatt laser system for use in controlling laser-plasma instabilities. The system includes a commercial 45 TW Ti:Sapphire laser system at 800 nm, temporally synchronized with a 1 TW CPA Raman-Ti:Sapphire hybrid laser centered at 873nm that we designed and built to complement the 800 nm system. The two-color system will be used to seed, enhance, suppress, or otherwise control a variety of instabilities which arise in laser-plasma interactions.Physic
High Velocity Burner Rig Oxidation and Thermal Fatigue Behavior of Si3N4- and SiC Base Ceramics to 1370 Deg C
One SiC material and three Si3N4 materials including hot-pressed Si3N4 as a baseline were exposed in a Mach-1-gas-velocity burner rig simulating a turbine engine environment. Criteria for the materials selection were: potential for gas-turbine usage, near-net-shape fabricability and commercial/domestic availability. Cyclic exposures of test vanes up to 250 cycles (50 hr at temperature) were at leading-edge temperatures to 1370 C. Materials and batches were compared as to weight change, surface change, fluorescent penetrant inspection, and thermal fatigue behavior. Hot-pressed Si3N4 survived the test to 1370 C with slight weight losses. Two types of reaction-sintered Si3N4 displayed high weight gains and considerable weight-change variability, with one material exhibiting superior thermal fatigue behavior. A siliconized SiC showed slight weight gains, but considerable batch variability in thermal fatigue
Generalized virial theorem in Palatini gravity
We use the collision-free Boltzmann equation in Palatini
gravity to derive the virial theorem within the context of the Palatini
approach. It is shown that the virial mass is proportional to certain
geometrical terms appearing in the Einstein field equations which contribute to
gravitational energy and that such geometric mass can be attributed to the
virial mass discrepancy in cluster of galaxies. We then derive the velocity
dispersion relation for clusters followed by the metric tensor components
inside the cluster as well as the lagrangian in terms of the
observational parameters. Since these quantities may also be obtained
experimentally, the virial theorem is a convenient tool to
test the viability of theories in different models. Finally,
we discuss the limitations of our approach in the light of the cosmological
averaging used and questions that have been raised in the literature against
such averaging procedures in the context of the present work.Comment: 16 pages, to appear in PR
Pricing Weather Derivatives
This paper presents a general method for pricing weather derivatives. Specification tests find that a temperature series for Fresno, California follows a mean-reverting Brownian motion process with discrete jumps and ARCH errors. Based on this process, we define an equilibrium pricing model for cooling degree day weather options. Comparing option prices estimated with three methods: a traditional burn-rate approach, a Black-Scholes-Merton approximation, and an equilibrium Monte Carlo simulation reveals significant differences. Equilibrium prices are preferred on theoretical grounds, so are used to demonstrate the usefulness of weather derivatives as risk management tools for California specialty crop growers.derivative, jump-diffusion process, mean-reversion, volatility, weather, Demand and Price Analysis,
Constraints on turbulent velocity broadening for a sample of clusters, groups and elliptical galaxies using XMM-Newton
Using the width of emission lines in XMM-Newton Reflection Grating
Spectrometer spectra, we place direct constraints on the turbulent velocities
of the X-ray emitting medium in the cores of 62 galaxy clusters, groups and
elliptical galaxies. We find five objects where we can place an upper limit on
the line-of-sight broadening of 500 km/s (90 per cent confidence level), using
a single thermal component model. Two other objects are lower than this limit
when two thermal components are used. Half of the objects examined have an
upper limit on the velocity broadening of less than 700 km/s. To look for
objects which have significant turbulent broadening, we use Chandra spectral
maps to compute the expected broadening caused by the spatial extent of the
source. Comparing these with our observed results, we find that Klemola 44 has
extra broadening at the level of 1500 km/s. RX J1347.5-1145 shows weak evidence
for turbulent velocities at 800 km/s. In addition we obtain limits on
turbulence for Zw3146, Abell 496, Abell 1795, Abell 2204 and HCG 62 of less
than 200 km/s. After subtraction of the spatial contribution and including a 50
km/s systematic uncertainty, we find at least 15 sources with less than 20 per
cent of the thermal energy density in turbulence.Comment: 17 pages, 17 figures, accepted by MNRAS. Includes minor edits to
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