A History of Race Relations Social Science

This essay argues that the inclusion of white women, African Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians into historiography is a fairly recent development ; and that the aforementioned development, which did not begin until the 1960s, has resulted in rigorous investigation into the racial thought of Franz Uri Boas, Robert Ezra Park, and Gunnar Myrdal and a hot debate in reference to their significance and influence on today\u27s social sciences. Furthermore, the integration of African American history into the historiography of race relations social science has given impetus to the movement towards making American intellectual history more inclusive

[Review of] David Levering Lewis. W.E.B. DuBois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919

In a stunning exhibition of biographical craftsmanship, David Levering Lewis narrates, for the years between 1868 and 1919, both the spectacular achievements -- and their import for intellectual life in our own times -- and the equally significant failings of one of the most important American intellectuals of the twentieth century. Lewis\u27s erudite tome supercedes all of the previous biographical treatments of DuBois and will doubtlessly require an equally Herculean effort to match this phenomenal work. Indeed, the awesome task of concluding the latter part of DuBois\u27s long, controversial, and complex life will be exhaustively challenging. Since any exhaustive review of Lewis\u27s work would require much greater space, I will confine my comments to an adumbration of the import of DuBois\u27s thought for ethnicity and gender theories

[Review of] George M. Fredrickson. Black Liberation: A Comparative History of Black Ideologies in the United States and South Africa

George M. Fredrickson, Edgar E. Robinson Professor of United States History at Stanford University, has written a magisterial volume that complements his earlier explorations in his highly acclaimed White Supremacy and in some of his major essays in a collection, entitled The Arrogance of Race. Yet, unlike the earlier works, which compare the predominant white racism and ethnocentrism in race relations in the United States and the Union of South Africa, Black Liberation focuses on the political ideologies of “organic” African American and Black South African intellectuals. Fredrickson, to my mind, demonstrates convincingly that historically the ideology of “color-blind universalism” has been both more potent and effective -- in more cases than not-- in countering the overt claims and actions of white supremacists in both countries than “racially exclusive nationalism.

[Review of] James B. McKee. Sociology and the Race Problem: The Failure of a Perspective

In his sweeping study of the treatment of African Americans in American sociology from the 1920s until the 1960s, James B. McKee, a professor emeritus of sociology at Michigan State University, concludes that sociologists need to revive an older democratic commitment to speak to a larger public that includes and cuts across the conflicting racial identities whose fates are inexorably bound together in the same historical struggles (366-7)

Automatic water inventory, collecting, and dispensing unit

Two cylindrical tanks with piston bladders and associated components for automatic filling and emptying use liquid inventory readout devices in control of water flow. Unit provides for adaptive water collection, storage, and dispensation in weightlessness environment

Ultrasonic attenuation as an indicator of fatigue life of graphite/epoxy fiber composite

The narrow band ultrasonic longitudinal wave velocity and attenuation were measured as a function of the transfiber compression-compression fatigue of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites. No change in velocity was detected at any point in fatigue life. For specimens fatigued at 80% of static strength, there was generally a 5% to 10% increase in attenuation, however, this increase does not appear to be a satisfactory indicator of fatigue life. On the other hand, there appears to be a correlation between initial attenuation (measured prior to cycling) and cycles to fracture. Initial attenuation as measured at 1.5 MHz and 2.0 MHz appears to be a good indicator of relative fatigue life

Frequency calibration techniques

The techniques and standards used by the U. S. Army Metrology and Calibration Center for frequency calibration are discussed

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of impact-damaged graphite fiber composite

Unidirectional Hercules AS/3501-6 graphite fiber epoxy composites were subjected to repeated controlled low-velocity drop weight impacts in the laminate direction. The degradation was ultrasonically monitored using through-thickness attenuation and a modified stress wave factor (SWF). There appears to be strong correlations between the number of drop-weight impacts, the residual tensile strength, the through-thickness attenuation, and the SWF. The results are very encouraging with respect to the NDE potential of both of these ultrasonic parameters to provide strength characterizations in virgin as well as impact-damaged fiber composite structures

Failure mechanisms of laminates transversely loaded by bolt push-through

Stiffened composite panels proposed for fuselage and wing design utilize a variety of stiffener-to-skin attachment concepts including mechanical fasteners. The attachment concept is an important factor influencing the panel's strength and can govern its performance following local damage. Mechanical fasteners can be an effective method for preventing stiffener-skin separation. One potential failure mode for bolted panels occurs when the bolts pull through the stiffener attachment flange or skin. The resulting loss of support by the skin to the stiffener and by the stiffener to the skin can result in local buckling and subsequent panel collapse. The characteristic failure modes associated with bolt push-through failure are described and the results of a parametric study of the effects that different material systems, boundary conditions, and laminates have on the forces and displacements required to cause damage and bolt pushthrough failure are presented