Aircraft instrument Patent

Aircraft indicator for pilot control of takeoff roll, climbout path and verticle flight path in poor visibility condition

Calculated effect of various types of flap on take-off over obstacles

In order to determine whether or not flaps could be expected to have any beneficial effect on take-off performance, the distances required to take off and climb to an altitude of 50 feet were calculated for hypothetical airplanes, corresponding to relatively high-speed types and equipped with several types of flap. The types considered are the Fowler wing, the Hall wing, the split flap, the balanced split flap, the plain flap, and the external-airfoil flap. The results indicate that substantial reductions in take-off distance are possible through the use of flaps, provided that the proper flap angle corresponding to a given set of conditions is used. The best flap angle for taking off varies inversely as power loading and, to a much smaller extent, varies inversely with wing loading. Apparently, the best take-off characteristics are provided by the type of device in which the flap forms an extension to the main wing as in the case of the Fowler wing and the external-airfoil flap

A review of the geologic hazards along the Lake Erie shore of Ohio from Cleveland to Ashtabula

The principle hazard along the Lake Erie shore from Cleveland to Ashtabula is shore erosion. While the average rate of shoreline recession has decreased, some unprotected stretches have seen a major increase in the amount of land being lost. For any given wave climate and physical setting, including the amount of sand supplied by long shore drift, lake level is the most important variable. But since humans began building structures into the lake, the natural balance of erosion and deposition has been altered. Now the most important variable in shore erosion is the presence of shore protection structures. Human beings have always found it necessary to invent solutions to remedy the problems caused by their previous inventions. For example, when we lived in caves we found them cold and uncomfortable so we invented houses. Houses were warm and comfortable, but we missed the outdoors so we invented windows. With these new windows we felt we lost our privacy so we invented curtains, shades and blinds. Now that the natural cycle of the shore has been disrupted a solution must be found. Many cities, businesses and homeowners have constructed shore protection structures to protect separate stretches of land, but there is no comprehensive shore-wide plan. As more short reaches of shore are protected, less sand enters the littoral system and the remaining unprotected reaches recede at an even greater rate. The options for a solution are very limited. Could the entire shore be adequately protected at an acceptable cost? Even if this could be financed it would greatly diminish the appearance of the lake's natural shoreline and its usefulness as a place of recreation. Perhaps the lake level could be controlled. This could be very expensive and could disturb the natural balances of the Great Lakes. Probably the best solution for now is beach nourishment. Sand supply does not appear to be a problem. There are large offshore sand deposits off Fairport Harbor (about 320x106 m3) and Lorain-Vermilion (about 100x106 m3) (Carter, Benson, and Guy, 1982). Ironically, the irregular shore may help to reduce the longshore flow of sand and therefore reduce the frequency of nourishment.No embarg

The Transition Phase in the Take-Off of an Airplane, Special Report

An investigation was undertaken to determine the character and importance of the transition phase between the ground run and steady climb in the takeoff of an airplane and the effects of various factors on this phase and on the airborne part of the takeoff as a whole. The information was obtained from a series of step-by-step integrations, which defined the motion of the airplane during the transition and which were based on data derived from actual takeoff tests of a Verville AT airplane. Both normal and zoom takeoffs under several loading and takeoff speed conditions were considered. The effects of a moderate wind with a corresponding wind gradient and the effect of proximity of the ground were also investigated. The results show that, for normal takeoffs, the best transition was realized at the lowest possible takeoff speed. Moreover, this speed gave the shortest overall takeoff distance for normal takeoffs. Zoom takeoffs required a shorter overall takeoff run than normal takeoffs, particularly with a heavy landing, if the obstacle to be cleared was sufficiently high (greater than 50 feet); no advantage was indicated to the airplane with a light loading if the height to be cleared was less. The error resulting from the neglect of the transition in the calculation of the airborne distance of takeoff was found to vary from 4% with the heaviest loading considered to -4% with the lightest loading for normal takeoffs over a 100-ft obstacle; the percentage error was twice as great for a 50-foot obstacle. For zoom takeoffs the error attained much greater values. The average wind gradient corresponding to a 5-mile-per-hour surface wind reduced the airborne distance required to clear a 50-foot obstacle by about 9% with the lightest loading and 16% with the heaviest loading; for both cases. The overall reduction due to this wind was approximately twice that resulting from the wind gradient alone. A simple expression for the reduction of observed takeoff performance to no-wind conditions is presented. Ground effect is shown to reduce the airborne distance to attain a height of 50 foot by 10% with the lightest loading and 16% with the heaviest loading; for a 100-foot obstacle the percentage reduction was about 1/2 as great

Flight Tests of Retractable Ailerons on a Highly Tapered Wing

A flight investigation was conducted to determine the lateral-control characteristics of retractable ailerons installed on a highly tapered wing. The effectiveness of the ailerons in producing roll was measured at various air speeds with full-span plain flaps both neutral and deflected 45 degrees. The direction of the yawing moment created by the ailerons was also noted. The lateral control provided by the retractable ailerons used in this investigation was approximately the same as that obtained with the plain ailerons of equal span with which the airplane was previously equipped. The amount of control available was found to be somewhat inadequate, apparently because of the rather short span of the ailerons (0.327 of the wing span). It is likely that, with an aileron span of from 0.50 to 0.60 of the wing span, a satisfactory degree of control would be obtained. With the full-span flaps deflected 45 degrees, the rolling action of the ailerons was increased about 30 percent over that obtained with the flaps neutral at the same speed. The yawing moment produced by the ailerons was in the same sense as the rolling moment, i.e., right roll was accompanied by yaw. Lag in the response of the rolling action to control application was not large enough to be noticed by the pilots. No appreciable control force was apparent to the pilots, which was considered somewhat undesirable. Minor modifications in the design of the ailerons, however, would probably correct this fault

The Theology of Battlestar Galactica: American Christianity in the 2004-2009 Television Series

https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/facultypubnight/1041/thumbnail.jp

The Rolling Friction of Several Airplane Wheels and Tires and the Effect of Rolling Friction on Take-Off

This report presents the results of test made to determine the rolling friction of airplane wheels and tires under various conditions of wheel loading, tire inflation pressure, and ground surface. The effect of wheel-bearing type was also investigated. Six pairs of wheels and tires were tested including two sizes of each of the types designated as standard (high pressure), low pressure, and extra low pressure. The results of calculations intended to show the effect of variations in rolling friction on take-off are also presented

Versatile liquid helium scintillation counter of large volume design

Design and performance of large liquid helium scintillation counter for meson experiment