Parental Expectations and Prosocial Behavior of Adolescents From Low-Income Backgrounds: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between Three Countries¿Argentina, Colombia, and Spain

Parental expectations are influenced by cultural models, which in turn are subject to a great influence from historically fluctuating features of the socioeconomic background. Parental expectations seem to be linked to children¿s social and emotional development in terms of empathy and prosocial behavior. The current study aims to (a) compare low-income adolescents¿ perceptions of parental expectations of prosocial and antisocial behavior across three Latin countries (Argentina, Colombia, and Spain), (b) compare the empathy and prosocial behavior between the three countries, (c) compare the prosocial behavior between the three countries, and (d) study the effect of perceived parental expectations and empathy on the prosocial behavior of adolescents in all three of the countries studied in this research. The sample was made up of 446 Argentinean adolescents, 474 Colombian adolescents, and 632 Spanish adolescents. The Expected Parental Reactions Scale, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire were used to measure the variables included in this study. Results reveal considerable differences between children¿s perceptions of parental expectations in different countries. Results also show the existence of significant differences between male and female adolescents. In all three countries, girls score more highly than boys in prosocial behavior and empathy. Furthermore, we find that low-income Argentinean adolescents score more highly than Spanish and Colombian adolescents in prosocial behavior measures. Finally, expected parental reactions toward prosocial behavior and empathy seem to have an influence on the adolescents¿ development of prosocial behavior in all three countries

Parentalidad percibida y empatía en adultos jóvenes argentinos

INTRODUCCIÓN Los vínculos primarios relativos a la parentalidad, tienen un rol fundamental en el desarrollo temprano de la empatía. Sin embargo, este rol ha sido escasamente estudiado en adultos jóvenes.Objetivo.En consecuencia, el principal objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar la relación entre la parentalidad percibida y la empatía de adultos jóvenes argentinos. METODOLOGÍA 215 sujetos adultos jóvenes de ambos sexos (n= 52 hombres,24,3% y n=161 mujeres, 75, 2%),de entre 18 a 30 años (M=22,10;DE=3,35), que cursaban estudios terciarios o universitarios de las provincias de Entre Ríos y Mendoza, Argentina. Para evaluar la parentalidad percibida se utilizó la Escala de estilos parentales e inconsistencia parental percibida (EPIPP, de la Iglesia, Ongarato & Liporace, 2011). Para evaluar la empatía se utilizó la adaptación argentina (Lemos, Vargas Rubilar, López, & Giupponi, 2018; Lemos, Vargas Rubilar, & Ordano, 2017) del Test de Empatía Cognitiva y Afectiva (TECA; LópezPérez et al., 2008). Los resultados mostraron que el diálogo y la indiferencia percibidos son los principales predictores de la empatía. Particularmente, el diálogo parental (paterno y materno) predijo la adopción de perspectiva y la alegría empática de los jóvenes. Por otra parte, la indiferencia paterna predijo la comprensión empática y la indiferencia materna, la comprensión empática, la adopción de perspectiva y el estrés empático de los hijos. Discusión y conclusiones. Algunos trabajos llevados a cabo con adolescentes y jóvenes adultos sugieren que dimensiones de la parentalidad como: el nivel de control, la respuesta frente al distrés, el nivel de aceptación, la comunicación y la contención percibidos, podrían explicar, en parte, los niveles de empatía de los jóvenes. Los resultados del presente trabajo coinciden con un estudio peruano en donde se encontró que el estilo parental democrático, caracterizado por la comunicación e implicación positiva de los padres, estaba relacionado con la empatía de los adolescentes. Es posible que, la relación entre los niveles de empatía de padres e hijos sea mediada por otros aspectos intrapersonales, algunos vinculados a la personalidad de los hijos, los cuales serán considerados en un próximo estudio.Fil: Vargas Rubilar, Jael Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi". Grupo Vinculado CIIPME - Entre Ríos - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi"; ArgentinaFil: Lemos, Viviana Noemí. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi". Grupo Vinculado CIIPME - Entre Ríos - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi"; ArgentinaFil: López, Mariana Beatríz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi". Grupo Vinculado CIIPME - Entre Ríos - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi"; ArgentinaFil: Waigel, Nicole Camila. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi". Grupo Vinculado CIIPME - Entre Ríos - Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Psicología Matemática y Experimental "Dr. Horacio J. A. Rimoldi"; ArgentinaFil: Figueroa, J.. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Facultad de Humanidades, Educacion y Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaConstruyendo saberes en torno a los Derechos Humanos y la Salud Mental en Psicología. 2° Congreso Nacional de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de San LuisSan LuisArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de San Lui

A giant soft-shelled egg from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica

Egg size and structure reflect important constraints on the reproductive and life-history characteristics of vertebrates(1). More than two-thirds of all extant amniotes lay eggs(2). During the Mesozoic era (around 250 million to 65 million years ago), body sizes reached extremes; nevertheless, the largest known egg belongs to the only recently extinct elephant bird(3), which was roughly 66 million years younger than the last nonavian dinosaurs and giant marine reptiles. Here we report a new type of egg discovered in nearshore marine deposits from the Late Cretaceous period (roughly 68 million years ago) of Antarctica. It exceeds all nonavian dinosaur eggs in volume and differs from them in structure. Although the elephant bird egg is slightly larger, its eggshell is roughly five times thicker and shows a substantial prismatic layer and complex pore structure(4). By contrast, the new fossil, visibly collapsed and folded, presents a thin eggshell with a layered structure that lacks a prismatic layer and distinct pores, and is similar to that of most extant lizards and snakes (Lepidosauria)(5). The identity of the animal that laid the egg is unknown, but these preserved morphologies are consistent with the skeletal remains of mosasaurs (large marine lepidosaurs) found nearby. They are not consistent with described morphologies of dinosaur eggs of a similar size class. Phylogenetic analyses of traits for 259 lepidosaur species plus outgroups suggest that the egg belonged to an individual that was at least 7 metres long, hypothesized to be a giant marine reptile, all clades of which have previously been proposed to show live birth(6). Such a large egg with a relatively thin eggshell may reflect derived constraints associated with body shape, reproductive investment linked with gigantism, and lepidosaurian viviparity, in which a 'vestigial' egg is laid and hatches immediately(7).Howard Hughes Medical Institute through the Science Education Program GT10473 ANID-PIA Anillo grant ACT17209

Parents’ Perceptions of their Acceptance and Rejection Behaviors: Benchmarking Spain and Ecuador

Cross-cultural studies are necessary to test and understand how measures work in diverse multicultural societies. Positive parenting needs to be defined and the basic elements making up this construct need to be established. IPARTheory stands out as the main theory defining parenting focusing on the acceptance-rejection dimension. This study explored the factorial structure of the PARQ Questionnaire Parent Version (Short Form) in Spanish (n = 4169), with age range 20 to 72 years old; and Ecuadorian (n = 569) parents, with ages from 22 to 71 years old. This instrument assesses parents’ perceptions of their acceptance and rejection behaviors towards their children. The questionnaire has a 25-item structure in four scales: warmthaffection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect and undifferentiated-rejection. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the four-factor model in both samples, however the invariance of the model must be accepted with caution. In addition, an ANOVA test showed statistically significative differences in the four factors between Spanish and Ecuadorian parents. Spain and Ecuador are both Latin countries; however, there are differences between them, which may explain the differences found in this research. Authorities must encourage programs and social services to educate people in parental roles and tasks, besides public policies are needed to support positive parenting, but it is important to define the domains which make this construct

Positive Emotions in Children: Current Research and Future Directions

Current studies indicate that positive emotions contribute to the development of social, affective, and cognitive resources that promote psychosocial well-being. However, most research has focused on adolescents and adults rather than children, although the basis for emotional development is established during childhood and affects the emergence of social and cognitive processes during this period. This chapter reviews Latin American studies that have examined how children's positive emotions are related to other variables as well as proposed models for assessing and fostering these emotions. It concludes with suggestions for future research.Fil: Oros, Laura Beatriz. Universidad de la Cuenca del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentin