Yhdysvaltojen länsirannikon kalastuselinkeino 1800-luvun lopulla

Tiivistelmä. Tutkimukseni aiheena on Yhdysvaltojen Länsirannikon kalastuselinkeino 1800-luvun lopulla. Tarkemmin selvitän kalastuselinkeinon tilannetta nykyisten Kalifornian, Oregonin ja Washingtonin osavaltioissa pääsääntöisesti 1880-luvulla. Pyrin työssäni selittämään eroavaisuuksia tarjoamalla näille selityksiä käyttämäni lähdeaineiston ja tutkimuskirjallisuuden puitteissa. Tarkastelen asioita talous- ja elinkeinohistorian näkökulma edellä. Mielestäni on tärkeää tuntea kalastuselinkeinon kehitys laajasti, jotta sen haitallisia vaikutuksia kalakannoille ja laajemminkin ympäristölle ja ihmisille voitaisiin ehkäistä. Länsirannikon kalastuskulttuuri oli tutkimallani ajanjaksolla kirjavaa ja pyrin tarkastelemaan elinkeinoa monipuolisesti. Tarkastelen myös kalastusteollisuuden kehitykseen vaikuttaneita tekijöitä ja niiden vaikutusta. Siirtolaisten vaikutus kalastuselinkeinoon oli erittäin suuri, joten Yhdysvaltoihin suuntautunut siirtolaisuus nousee työssäni tärkeäksi teemaksi. Lähteenä työssäni toimii 1880-luvulla laadittu Fisheries and fishery industries of the United States- raportti. Kyseessä on Yhdysvaltojen tuon aikaista kalastuselinkeinoa ja kalastusteollisuutta käsittelevä raportti. Se on erittäin monipuolinen katsaus tuon ajan Yhdysvaltojen kalastuselinkeinoon ja siksi se antaa hyvät eväät vastata tutkimuskysymyksiini. Raportin sijoittuminen 1880-luvulle määrää pitkälti tutkimukseni aikarajauksen. Täydennän työtäni vielä tutkimuskirjallisuudella. Menetelmänäni toimii aineistolähtöinen sisällönanalyysi. Lähden liikkeelle aineistostani, jota pyrin tarkastelemaan työhöni liittyvien keskeisten käsitteiden kautta. Yhdistelen sitten löytämääni ja pyrin näin rakentamaan kuvan tutkimastani aiheesta ja vastaamaan tutkimuskysymyksiini. Tutkimuksestani käy ilmi, että kalastuskulttuuri oli tutkimallani alueella ja ajanjaksolla varsin monipuolinen ala, jossa oli paljon vaihtelua. Sen muotoutumiseen vaikutti monia tekijöitä, kuten maantiede, saatavilla olevat kalat, siirtolaisten mukanaan tuomat vaikutteet ja Yhdysvaltojen yleinen kehitys kohti korkeasti teollistunutta yhteiskuntaa. Keskeiseksi teollisuudenalaksi nousi lohenkalastusteollisuus. Kalastuselinkeinon tarkastelu toimiikin eräänlaisena läpileikkauksena tuon ajan amerikkalaiseen yhteiskuntaan ja auttaa siten näkemään kehityksen taakse. Tutkimukseni aihepiiri ja aineisto ovat kuitenkin varsin kapeita. Jotta aiheesta saataisiin perusteellisempi kuva, tulisi aiheesta toteuttaa laajempi ja kattavampi tutkimus. Tällöin olisi paremmin hahmoteltavissa kalastuselinkeinon ympäristölliset ja yhteiskunnalliset vaikutukset ja mahdolliset toimenpiteet, joilla haitallisia vaikutuksia voidaan kenties ehkäistä

Pupil Size Variation Related to Oral Report of Affective Pictures

AbstractThe goal of the experiment was to establish pupil size variations while viewing and reporting 48 affective (IAPS) pictur es. The experiment consisted of 44 students. Pictures appeared on the screen for 20 secs in random order. After reporting the SAM (Self-Assessment Manikin), the participants orally reported on the pictures. In the phase of picture viewing, the unpleasant pictures revealed larger pupillary responses than neutral and pleasant pictures (p<.001). The mean pupil size was at its great est also during the reporting of unpleasant pictures (p< .001). Results indicated that the differences in pupil size variations endure from the viewing phase to the reporting phase of pictures

Incidence and management of patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous and metachronous colorectal metastases : a population-based study

Background This population-based study aimed to examine the incidence, patterns and results of multimodal management of metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods A retrospective population-based study was conducted on patients with metastatic colorectal cancer in Central Finland in 2000-2015. Clinical and histopathological data were retrieved and descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the pattern of metastatic disease, defined as synchronous, early metachronous (within 12 months of diagnosis of primary disease) and late metachronous (more than 12 months after diagnosis). Subgroups were compared for resection and overall survival (OS) rates. Results Of 1671 patients, 296 (17.7 per cent) had synchronous metastases, and 255 (19.6 per cent) of 1302 patients with resected stage I-III tumours developed metachronous metastases (94 early and 161 late metastases). Liver, pulmonary and intraperitoneal metastases were the most common sites. The commonest metastatic patterns were a combination of liver and lung metastases. The overall metastasectomy rate for patients with synchronous metastases was 16.2 per cent; in this subgroup, 3- and 5-year OS rates after any resection were 63 and 44 per cent respectively, compared with 7.1 and 3.3 per cent following no resection (P <0.001). The resection rate was higher for late than for early metachronous disease (28.0versus17 per cent respectively;P = 0.048). Three- and 5-year OS rates after any resection of metachronous metastases were 78 and 62 per cent respectivelyversus42.1 and 18.2 per cent with no metastasectomy (P <0.001). Similarly, 3- and 5-year OS rates after any metastasectomy for early metachronous metastases were 57 and 50 per centversus84 and 66 per cent for late metachronous metastases (P = 0.293). Conclusion The proportion of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer was consistent with that in earlier population-based studies, as were resection rates for liver and lung metastases and survival after resection. Differentiation between synchronous, early and late metachronous metastases can improve assessment of resectability and survival.Peer reviewe

Prognostic significance of spatial and density analysis of T lymphocytes in colorectal cancer

Background Although high T cell density is a strong favourable prognostic factor in colorectal cancer, the significance of the spatial distribution of T cells is incompletely understood. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of tumour cell-T cell co-localisation and T cell densities. Methods We analysed CD3 and CD8 immunohistochemistry in a study cohort of 983 colorectal cancer patients and a validation cohort (N = 246). Individual immune and tumour cells were identified to calculate T cell densities (to derive T cell density score) and G-cross function values, estimating the likelihood of tumour cells being co-located with T cells within 20 mu m radius (to derive T cell proximity score). Results High T cell proximity score associated with longer cancer-specific survival in both the study cohort [adjusted HR for high (vs. low) 0.33, 95% CI 0.20-0.52, P-trend < 0.0001] and the validation cohort [adjusted HR for high (vs. low) 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.45, P-trend < 0.0001] and its prognostic value was independent of T cell density score. Conclusions The spatial point pattern analysis of tumour cell-T cell co-localisation could provide detailed information on colorectal cancer prognosis, supporting the value of spatial measurement of T cell infiltrates as a novel, robust tumour-immune biomarker.Peer reviewe

Immune cell profiles of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients according to the sites of metastasis

Purpose Recent works have characterized that metastatic site can affect the tumour immune profiles and efficiency of cancer immunotherapies. The prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer is associated with the characteristics of the tumour immune microenvironment, with immunological cells playing a central role in efficiency of HER2-targeted antibodies. Here we investigated the prognostic significance of different metastatic sites and their correlation to tumour immune profiles in HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. Methods We collected all (n = 54) HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab containing regimens at Oulu University Hospital 2009-2014. Pathological and clinical data were collected from electronic patient records. The tumour immune profiles were analysed from pre-treatment primary tumours using well-characterized immunological markers with computer-assisted immune cell counting. Results Of the metastatic sites, only liver metastases were associated with poor prognosis (hazard ratio 1.809, 95% confidence interval 1.004-3.262), especially when presented as the primary site of metastases. Of the other sites, pulmonary metastases characterized a patient profile with trend to improved survival. Of the studied tumour immunological markers, patients with liver metastases had low densities of CD3(+) T cells (p = 0.030) and M1-like macrophages in their primary tumours (p = 0.025). Of the other studied markers and sites, patients with pulmonary metastases had low STAB1(+)-immunosuppressive macrophage density in their primary tumours. Conclusion Our results suggest that the site of metastasis is associated with prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer, highlighted by the poor prognosis of liver metastases. Furthermore, liver metastases were associated with adverse tumour immune cell profiles.Peer reviewe

Immune cell profiles of metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer patients according to the sites of metastasis

Purpose Recent works have characterized that metastatic site can affect the tumour immune profiles and efficiency of cancer immunotherapies. The prognosis of HER2-positive breast cancer is associated with the characteristics of the tumour immune microenvironment, with immunological cells playing a central role in efficiency of HER2-targeted antibodies. Here we investigated the prognostic significance of different metastatic sites and their correlation to tumour immune profiles in HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. Methods We collected all (n = 54) HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab containing regimens at Oulu University Hospital 2009-2014. Pathological and clinical data were collected from electronic patient records. The tumour immune profiles were analysed from pre-treatment primary tumours using well-characterized immunological markers with computer-assisted immune cell counting. Results Of the metastatic sites, only liver metastases were associated with poor prognosis (hazard ratio 1.809, 95% confidence interval 1.004-3.262), especially when presented as the primary site of metastases. Of the other sites, pulmonary metastases characterized a patient profile with trend to improved survival. Of the studied tumour immunological markers, patients with liver metastases had low densities of CD3(+) T cells (p = 0.030) and M1-like macrophages in their primary tumours (p = 0.025). Of the other studied markers and sites, patients with pulmonary metastases had low STAB1(+)-immunosuppressive macrophage density in their primary tumours. Conclusion Our results suggest that the site of metastasis is associated with prognosis in HER2-positive breast cancer, highlighted by the poor prognosis of liver metastases. Furthermore, liver metastases were associated with adverse tumour immune cell profiles.Peer reviewe

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells endogenously expressing follicle-stimulating hormone receptors : modeling the function of an inactivating receptor mutation

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is crucial in the development and regulation of reproductive functions. The actions of human FSH and its receptor (FSHR) and mutations therein have mainly been studied using in vivo models, primary cells, cancer cells and cell lines ectopically expressing the FSHR. To allow studies of endogenous FSHR function in vitro, we differentiated FSHR-expressing cells from human pluripotent stem cells. FSH stimulation of the wild-type (WT), but not the inactivating Finnish founder mutant (A189V) receptor, activated the canonical cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathway and downstream mediators. To investigate protein-protein interaction partners of FSHR at resting state and upon FSH stimulation, we expressed FSHR in HEK293 cells followed by affinity purification mass spectrometry analyses. We found 19 specific high-confidence interacting proteins for WT FSHR and 14 for A189V FSHR, several of which have been linked to infertility. Interestingly, while only WT FSHR interacted with FSH, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), for example, interacted with both WT and A189V FSHR upon FSH stimulation. In conclusion, our protocol allows detailed studies of FSH action and disease modeling in human cells endogenously expressing FSHR.Peer reviewe