<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> cercariae experience influx of macromolecules during skin penetration

We have observed that when cercariae penetrate the skin of mice, there is influx into their tissues of Lucifer Yellow and certain labelled molecules of up to 20 kDa molecular weight. This observation was made using a variety of fluorescent membrane-impermeant compounds injected into the skin before the application of cercariae. This unexpected phenomenon was investigated further by transforming cercariae in vitro in the presence of the membrane-impermeant compounds and examining the distribution by microscopy. In schistosomula derived from this procedure, the nephridiopore and surface membrane were labelled while the pre- and post-acetabular glands were not labelled. The region associated with the oesophagus within the pharyngeal muscle clearly contained the fluorescent molecules, as did the region adjacent to the excretory tubules and the germinal mass. We used cercariae stained with carmine to aid identification of regions labelled with Lucifer Yellow. Although the mechanism of this influx is unclear, the observation is significant. From it, we can suggest an hypothesis that, during skin penetration, exposure of internal tissues of the parasite to external macromolecules represents a novel host-parasite interfac

A change in the NICE guidelines on antibiotic prophylaxis

Since 2008, NICE clinical guidelines have stated: ‘Antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis is not recommended for people undergoing dental procedures’. This put UK guidance at odds with guidance in the rest of the world, where antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for patients at high-risk of infective endocarditis undergoing invasive dental procedures. Many dentists also felt this wording prohibited the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, regardless of the wishes of the patient or their personal risk of infective endocarditis and made it difficult for them to use their clinical judgment to deliver individualised care in the best interests of their patients. NICE have now changed this guidance to ‘Antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis is not recommended routinely for people undergoing dental procedures.’ This article examines the implications of this small but important change

A change in the NICE guidelines on antibiotic prophylaxis: British Heart Valve Society update

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has made an important change to Clinical Guideline 64 (CG64)1 adding the word ‘routinely’ to Recommendation 1.1.3: 'Antibiotic prophylaxis against infective endocarditis is not recommended routinely for people undergoing dental procedures.' In a letter about the change to the MP Chris Philp,2 Sir Andrew Dillon, CEO of NICE, confirmed that '… in individual cases, antibiotic prophylaxis may be appropriate.

The GREAT triggerless total data readout method

Recoil decay tagging (RDT) is a very powerful method for the spectroscopy of exotic nuclei. RDT is a delayed coincidence technique between detectors usually at the target position and at the focal plane of a spectrometer. Such measurements are often limited by dead time. This paper describes a novel triggerless data acquisition method, which is being developed for the Gamma Recoil Electron Alpha Tagging (GREAT) spectrometer, that overcomes this limitation by virtually eliminating dead time. Our solution is a total data readout (TDR) method where all channels run independently and are associated in software to reconstruct events. The TDR method allows all the data from both target position and focal plane to be collected with practically no dead-time losses. Each data word is associated with a timestamp generated from a global 100-MHz clock. Events are then reconstructed in real time in the event builder using temporal and spatial associations defined by the physics of the experimen

Cruciate-retaining TKA Is an Option in Patients With Prior Patellectomy

The recommendation for using posterior-stabilized (PS) implants in patellectomy patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is based on older case series with heterogeneous patient populations. The use of cruciate-retaining implants in these patients has not been evaluated with more contemporary implant designs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the survivorship and functional outcomes (Knee Society score, presence of an extensor lag, and range of motion) of cruciate-retaining (CR) TKA in patients with prior patellectomy. Between 1986 and 2012, we performed 27 CR TKAs in 25 patients after patellectomy. Of those, 23 CR TKAs in 21 patients were available for followup at a minimum of 2 years (mean, 11.2 years; range, 2.3-25.1 years). In this retrospective study, we queried a prospectively maintained database to assess functional outcomes and survivorship. Aseptic loosening-free survival was 100% at 5 and 10 years, and survival with revision for any reason as the outcome was 96% at 5 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.7%-100%) and 84% at 10 years (95% CI, 69.5%-100%). One patient was revised for aseptic loosening at 10.2 years postoperatively. Mean Knee Society scores improved from 36 +/- A 13 preoperatively to 92 +/- A 9.6 at followup. Extensor lag was present in seven patients preoperatively and only three at followup. Average knee flexion at followup was 112A degrees A A +/- A 12.5A degrees. In this study we found good long-term survivorship and functional outcomes with a CR implant design in patients following patellectomy. Earlier studies have favored PS over CR implants for patients with patellectomies. We believe this series suggests that CR TKA is indeed an option in patients with patellectomy. Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence

Rethinking professional practice: the logic of competition and the crisis of identity in housing practice

The relationship between professionalism, education and housing practice has become increasingly strained following the introduction of austerity measures and welfare reforms across a range of countries. Focusing on the development of UK housing practice, this article considers how notions of professionalism are being reshaped within the context of welfare retrenchment and how emerging tensions have both affected the identity of housing professionals and impacted on the delivery of training and education programmes. The article analyses the changing knowledge and skills valued in contemporary housing practice and considers how the sector has responded to the challenges of austerity. The central argument is that a dominant logic of competition has culminated in a crisis of identity for the sector. Although the focus of the article is on UK housing practice, the processes identified have a wider relevance for the analysis of housing and welfare delivery in developed economies

Brown carbon aerosol in the North American continental troposphere: sources, abundance, and radiative forcing

Chemical components of organic aerosol (OA) selectively absorb light at short wavelengths. In this study, the prevalence, sources, and optical importance of this so called brown carbon (BrC) aerosol component are investigated throughout the North American continental tropospheric column during a summer of extensive biomass burning. Spectrophotometric absorption measurements on extracts of bulk aerosol samples collected from an aircraft over the central USA were analyzed to directly quantify BrC abundance. BrC was found to be prevalent throughout the 1 to 12 km altitude measurement range, with dramatic enhancements in biomass-burning plumes. BrC to black carbon (BC) ratios, under background tropospheric conditions, increased with altitude, consistent with a corresponding increase in the absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) determined from a three-wavelength particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP). The sum of inferred BC absorption and measured BrC absorption at 365 nm was within 3 % of the measured PSAP absorption for background conditions and 22 % for biomass burning. A radiative transfer model showed that BrC absorption reduced top-of atmosphere (TOA) aerosol forcing by ∼ 20 % in the background troposphere. Extensive radiative model simulations applying this study background tropospheric conditions provided a look-up chart for determining radiative forcing efficiencies of BrC as a function of a surface-measured BrC : BC ratio and single scattering albedo (SSA). The chart is a first attempt to provide a tool for better assessment of brown carbon’s forcing effect when one is limited to only surface data. These results indicate that BrC is an important contributor to direct aerosol radiative forcing