THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES FROM EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS-REVIEW

Bioactive proteins and peptides were reported from many sources ranging from bacteria to humans. Many of them are having various bioactive characteristics like antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antihypertensive, antisporadical, anticancer etc., Moreover; many antimicrobial peptides employ sophisticated and dynamic mechanisms of action to effect rapid and potent activities consistent with their likely roles in antimicrobial host defense. The molecules exhibit an antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotic pathogens with different specificities and potencies depending on the structure and amino-acid composition of the proteins and peptides. Here we summarize investigations on bioactive proteins and peptides from edible and medicinal mushroom and discuss prospects for therapeutic applications

IN VITRO STUDIES ON ADHESION AND THE EFFECT OF CYTOTOXICITY OF BIFIDOBACTERIUM SPP. USING CELL LINES

The objective of this study was to elucidate adhesion property and the effect of cytotoxicity studies of Bifibobacterium in vitro. Bifidobacterium strains were isolated from milk and milk products, around twelve strains were isolated in which four strains were identified they are- Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium infantis. The identification was done by morphological features and biochemical tests. The isolated strains were then assayed for the adherence and antitumor activities. The Bacteria showed good adherence pattern on the HT-29 cell lines and exhibited profound inhibitory activity on cancer cell lines (Human adeno -carcinoma cell lines)

TELMISARTAN AND AZELNIDIPINE QUANTIFICATION EMPLOYING HPLC STRATAGEM; STABILITY INVESTIGATION ON TELMISARTAN AND AZELNIDIPINE

Objective: The focus of our research was to create a fairly sensitive HPLC stratagem for determining telmisartan (TLM) and azelnidipine (AEL) in bulk and tablet types. Methods: Analysis of TLM and AEL was performed on a “C18 Kromasil stationary column (5 µm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm)”. The mobile phase was made of 0.1M NaH2PO4 solution (pH 3.5) and methanol at a comparative volume ratio of 50% each. The analysis of TLM and AEL was isocratic, with the flow velocity adjusted at 1.0 ml/min and indeed, the TLM and AEL analysis was done at 256 nm using a PDA device sensor. TLM and AEL were stressed with acid, peroxide, dry heat, alkali, and sunlight-induced settings. Results: The retention/elution periods for the TLM and AEL were observed at 2.225 min and 3.178 min, respectively. The HPLC stratagem developed have a straight-line relation with relative concentrations in the ranges of 20-60 µg/ml for TLM and 4-12 µg/ml for AEL. The LOQ’s for TLM and AEL were 0.2516 μg/ml and 0.0871 μg/ml, respectively. The validation investigational findings done for TLM and AEL with the established sensitive HPLC stratagem were passed out in conformity with the ICH standards. Conclusion: The established sensitive HPLC stratagem was shown as competent for the quality check of bulk samples of TLM and AEL throughout batch release as well as in the course of TLM and AEL stability investigations

Exploring unusual metastasis in carcinoma breast: Divulging vulval metastasis

Regional lymph nodes, bones, brain, lung, and liver are the most common sites of the breast carcinoma metastases. Nodular or ulcerated lesions over the vulva are ignored for a long time as benign lesions by the patient and there is a lot of hesitance to undergo the examination. Here, we report the case of a 41-year-old female with an isolated, asymptomatic vulval metastasis of Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. The purpose of reporting this case is to make the clinicians aware of this rare site of metastasis of breast cancer and the importance of pelvic examination in follow-up patients

Conversion of fructose into 5-hydroxy methyl furfural over Mesoporous-ZrO2-phosphomolybdic acid nanocomposite catalysts

A series of phosphomolybdic acid (MPA) with varying ts contant incorporated into the mesoporous zirconia (ZMPA) catalysts were prepared by surfactant-assisted sol-gel copolymerization technique. These catalysts were evaluated for selective dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen physisorption, Fourer-Transform infrared, temperature programmed disorption, pyridine adsorbed FT-infrared and transmssion electron microscopy. The characterization results suggest that these catalysts possess ordered mesoporous structure with Keggin heteropoly molybdate. More over the incorporation of phosphomolybdic acid into mesoporous zirconia resulted in generaton of more number of strong acidic sites. These catalysts exhibited about 80 % HMF yield with in 30 min of reaction time. The existence of relatively strong interaction between the MPA keggin units with ZrO2 mesoporous structure played crucial role in fabricating the stable heterogeneous catalyst. This catalyst is reusable with constant activity

Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in Asymptomatic Imported Seed Potato using a DNA-based Method

Potato is an economically important crop among vegetables grown in Sri Lanka that mainly relies on healthy seed potatoes. About 40% of the annual seed potato requirement is fulfilled by the import of seed potatoes from Netherland, USA, Germany and France. Import of seed potatoes makes possibilities to enter plant pathogenic pests and diseases to Sri Lanka. Bacterial wilt is one of the most destructive diseases of potato. Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes bacterial wilt of potato, is considered as an important quarantine significant plant pathogen in Sri Lanka. The currently available conventional methods such as culture methods, biochemical methods are time consuming, very laborious and not sensitive for the detection of R. solanacearum in imported seed potatoes. Although immunodiagnostic methods are rapid, the sensitivity is not enough to detect the bacterium in asymptomatic or latently infected seed potatoes. In this study, a DNA-based detection method was applied to screen seed potatoes imported into Sri Lanka and 5 out of 30 tested samples (17%) were positive for R. solanacearum. The seed potato samples detected as infected with R. solanacearum were further studied and it revealed that the Asian phylotype I and the American phylotype II were detected from seed potato samples imported to the country. Phylotype II (Race 3/biovar 2) was detected in seed potatoes imported from USA and France and both phylotype I and phylotype II (Race 3/biovar 2) were detected in seed potatoes imported from Netherland from where majority of seed potatoes are imported into the country. The quarantine measures should be strictly followed to avoid the spread and establishment of phylotype II, Race 3/biovar 2 strains within the country, as it is the extremely destructive potato pathogen which have a restricted distribution in higher elevations of Sri Lanka. Further, the DNA-based method can be used to identify the pathogen to avoid the introduction or entry of R. solanacearum into the country for the betterment of potato cultivation in Sri Lanka.KEYWORDS: Seed potato, Bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum, Quarantine pest, Rsol_fli

Household transmission investigation for Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a rural and urban population of north India.

BackgroundTransmissibility within closed settings, such as households, can provide a strategic way to characterize the virus transmission patterns because the denominator can be well defined. We aimed to characterize the household transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) and its associated risk factors.MethodsThis prospective case-ascertained study was conducted among the household contacts of laboratory-confirmed SARS CoV-2 cases residing in Ballabgarh, Haryana. We enrolled 148 index cases and their 645 household contacts between December 16, 2020 and June 24, 2021. We defined household contact as any person who had resided in the same household as a confirmed COVID-19 case. Baseline data collection and sample collection for real time- reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM/IgG against SARS CoV-2 were done on day 1 visit, and followed for a period of 28 days. RT-PCR was repeated on day 14 or whenever the contact is symptomatic and blood sample for serology was repeated on day 28. We estimated household secondary infection rate (SIR) and other epidemiological indicators-median incubation period and serial interval. We employed binomial logistic regression to quantify risk factors associated with infection.ResultsThe household SIR was 30.5% (95% CI: 27.1-34.1%). The secondary clinical attack rate was 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2-11.8). The risk factors that showed higher susceptibility to infection were household contacts who were the primary care giver of the case, whose index cases were symptomatic, those with underlying medical conditions, those living in overcrowded households, who were sharing toilet with the index cases and also who were not wearing a mask when coming in contact with the case. The median (IQR) incubation period was 4 days (4, 5), mean (SD) serial interval 6.4 (±2.2) days, and median (IQR) serial interval 5 days (5, 7).ConclusionHouseholds favour secondary transmission of SARS CoV- 2, hence, index cases are recommended to self-isolate and wear masks; and household contacts to follow strict COVID infection control measures within households when a family member is infected

Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Identification of conserved gene expression features between murine mammary carcinoma models and human breast tumors.

BACKGROUND: Although numerous mouse models of breast carcinomas have been developed, we do not know the extent to which any faithfully represent clinically significant human phenotypes. To address this need, we characterized mammary tumor gene expression profiles from 13 different murine models using DNA microarrays and compared the resulting data to those from human breast tumors. RESULTS: Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis showed that six models (TgWAP-Myc, TgMMTV-Neu, TgMMTV-PyMT, TgWAP-Int3, TgWAP-Tag, and TgC3(1)-Tag) yielded tumors with distinctive and homogeneous expression patterns within each strain. However, in each of four other models (TgWAP-T121, TgMMTV-Wnt1, Brca1Co/Co;TgMMTV-Cre;p53+/- and DMBA-induced), tumors with a variety of histologies and expression profiles developed. In many models, similarities to human breast tumors were recognized, including proliferation and human breast tumor subtype signatures. Significantly, tumors of several models displayed characteristics of human basal-like breast tumors, including two models with induced Brca1 deficiencies. Tumors of other murine models shared features and trended towards significance of gene enrichment with human luminal tumors; however, these murine tumors lacked expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and ER-regulated genes. TgMMTV-Neu tumors did not have a significant gene overlap with the human HER2+/ER- subtype and were more similar to human luminal tumors. CONCLUSION: Many of the defining characteristics of human subtypes were conserved among the mouse models. Although no single mouse model recapitulated all the expression features of a given human subtype, these shared expression features provide a common framework for an improved integration of murine mammary tumor models with human breast tumors

Identification of conserved gene expression features between murine mammary carcinoma models and human breast tumors

Comparison of mammary tumor gene-expression profiles from thirteen murine models using microarrays and with that of human breast tumors showed that many of the defining characteristics of human subtypes were conserved among mouse models