11 research outputs found
Sugar-Related Organic Compounds in Carbonaceous Meteorites
Sugars and related polyols are critical components of all organisms and may have been necessary for the origin of life. To date, this class of organic compounds had not been definitively identified in meteorites. This study was undertaken to determine if polyols were present in the early Solar System as constituents of carbonaceous meteorites. Results of analyses of the Murchison and Murray meteorites indicate that formaldehyde and sugar chemistry may be responsible for the presence of a variety of polyols. We conclude that polyols were present on the early Earth through delivery by asteroids and possibly comets
What does it mean to be Black and White? A metaâethnographic review of racial socialization in Multiracial families
Differential roles of the dopamine 1-class receptors, D1R and D5R, in hippocampal dependent memory
Consumo de substùncias psicoativas por adolescentes escolares de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil): II - Distribuição do consumo por classes sociais
Gastric teratoma in infancy and childhood: Report of three cases and review of literature
Consumo de substĂąncias psicoativas por adolescentes escolares de RibeirĂŁo Preto, SP (Brasil). I - PrevalĂȘncia do consumo por sexo, idade e tipo de substĂąncia The consumption of psychoactive substances by adolescents in schools in an urban area of Southeastern region of Brazil. I - Prevalence by sex, age and kind of substance
INTRODUĂĂO: A preocupação suscitada quanto ao consumo de substĂąncias psicoativas pelos adolescentes tem mobilizado grandes esforços em todo o mundo na produção de conhecimento sobre este fenĂŽmeno. Decidiu-se estudar as taxas de prevalĂȘncia de consumo de substĂąncias psicoativas de uso lĂcito e ilĂcito, sua distribuição por idade, sexo e a idade da primeira experiĂȘncia com essas substĂąncias, entre adolescentes escolares do MunicĂpio de RibeirĂŁo Preto, SP, Brasil. MATERIAL DE MĂTODO: Um questionĂĄrio devidamente adaptado e submetido a um teste de confiabilidade foi auto-aplicado a uma amostra proporcional de 1.025 adolescentes matriculados na oitava sĂ©rie do primeiro grau e primeiro, segundo e terceiro anos do segundo grau, das escolas pĂșblicas e privadas do municĂpio estudado. O questionĂĄrio continha questĂ”es sobre o uso de dez classes de substĂąncias psicoativas, questĂ”es demogrĂĄficas e informaçÔes de validação, alĂ©m de questĂ”es de percepção e comportamento intrĂnseco ao consumo de drogas. RESULTADOS: Da amostra 88,9% consumiram bebidas alcoĂłlicas alguma vez na vida; 37,7% utilizaram o tabaco; 31,1% os solventes; 10,5% os medicamentos; 6,8% a maconha; 2,7% a cocaĂna; 1,6% os alucinĂłgenos e 0,3% consumiu alguma substĂąncia a base de opiĂĄcios. As taxas de consumo cresceram com a idade, para todas as substĂąncias; no entanto, o uso de tabaco e de substĂąncias ilĂcitas mostrou uma desaceleração nos anos que compreendem o final da adolescĂȘncia. Verificou-se que os meninos consumiram mais do que as meninas, exceto para os medicamentos, com as meninas consumindo barbitĂșricos, anfetaminas e tranqĂŒilizantes em proporçÔes semelhantes ou maiores que os meninos. A idade da primeira experiĂȘncia mostrou que o acesso Ă s substĂąncias psicoativas ocorreu em idades bastante precoces. CONCLUSĂES: As substĂąncias psicoativas, sejam lĂcitas ou ilĂcitas, sĂŁo freqĂŒentemente experimentadas na adolescĂȘncia, tanto pelos meninos como pelas meninas, muitas vezes em idades bem precoces.<br>INTRODUCTION: Concern over the consumption of psychoactive substances by teenagers has given rise to a great wordwide effort to produce information about this phenomenon. This study set out to investigate the prevalence of consumption of legal and illegal psychoactive substances, its distribution by age, sex and age at first experience of them, among teenage pupils in county, RibeirĂŁo Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A self-applicable questionnaire duly adapted and submitted to a reliability test was applied to a proportional sample of 1,025 teenagers enrolled in 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th grads at public and private city schools. The questionnaire contained questions about the use of ten classes of psychoactive substances, demographic questions and validation information, as well as questions about the perception and intrinsic behavior related to drug consumption. RESULTS: The sample of 88.9% had consumed alcoholic beverages sometime in their lives, 37.7% had used tobacco, 31.1% solvents, 10.5% medicines, 6.8% marihuana, 2.7% cocaine, 1.6% hallucinogens, and 0.3% of the sample had consumed some opiate substance. The rates of consumption increased with age for all substances; however, the use of tobacco and of illegal substances was less intense during the later years of adolescence. As to sex distribution, boys consumed more than girls, except for medicines, with girls consuming barbiturates, amphetamines and tranquilizers in proportions similar to or higher than those observed among boys. Age at first experience showed that access to psychoactive substances occurred at very early ages. CONCLUSIONS: Experimenting with psychoactive substances, whether legal or illegal, is a frequent phenomenon during adolescence, both among boys and girls, often at very early ages