Articulation Testing in Hindi Speech

The profession or speech-language pathology deals with one of the most basic functions or humanity--communication. Speech-language pathologists are trained to provide remedial services to children and adults with communication disorders in a wide variety of work settings. Communication disorders can be broadly divided into five categories: voice disorders, fluency disorders, dysphagia, language disorders, and articulation disorders. Before a speech-language pathologist begins speech therapy. it is necessary to perform an evaluation. Evaluation refers to the processes used to determine a diagnosis. There arc two main reasons [or performing evaluation tasks. First. we need to evaluate to arrive at a good understanding of a client\u27s problem. The other reason to perform evaluation tests is to be able to monitor the client\u27s progress in treatment and describe changes in the communication disturbances. Speech-language pathologists use standardized tests to determine the presence or absence of communication disorders. Most test currently used in speech-language pathology arc based on Standard English. The area that I have addressed is Articulation. Articulation disorders occur when a person produces sounds, syllables, or words in a way that listeners do not always understand what is being said or may be distracted by the manner in which it is said. Such disorders arc most often seen in pre-school or school-age children who do not develop certain sounds at the usual age. Speech-language pathologists work with clients having articulation disorders and help them to learn proper production of speech sounds. Indian schools teach 58 different languages. Hindi is the official language spoken by the majority of the people in India and only about 5 to 10% of the lndian population speaks English. When I return home. I will be working with predominantly Hindi speaking clients. The field of speech pathology in India is very new. I will have to use the knowledge I have received in English, and adapt it to the Hindi language. There are no tests that I can use while performing an evaluation in Hindi. Translating tests that are used to evaluate language, voice or fluency disorders, does not pose too much of a problem apart from adapting them to the cultural situation, since the basic concepts are the same. But, it is impossible to take an English articulation test and translate it into Hindi, expecting it to function in the same way, which is to detect articulation errors

Using linked administrative data to aid the handling of non-response and restore sample representativeness in cohort studies: the 1958 national child development study and hospital episode statistics data

BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in whether linked administrative data have the potential to aid analyses subject to missing data in cohort studies. METHODS: Using linked 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS; British cohort born in 1958, n = 18,558) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data, we applied a LASSO variable selection approach to identify HES variables which are predictive of non-response at the age 55 sweep of NCDS. We then included these variables as auxiliary variables in multiple imputation (MI) analyses to explore the extent to which they helped restore sample representativeness of the respondents together with the imputed non-respondents in terms of early life variables (father's social class at birth, cognitive ability at age 7) and relative to external population benchmarks (educational qualifications and marital status at age 55). RESULTS: We identified 10 HES variables that were predictive of non-response at age 55 in NCDS. For example, cohort members who had been treated for adult mental illness had more than 70% greater odds of bring non-respondents (odds ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval 1.17, 2.51). Inclusion of these HES variables in MI analyses only helped to restore sample representativeness to a limited extent. Furthermore, there was essentially no additional gain in sample representativeness relative to analyses using only previously identified survey predictors of non-response (i.e. NCDS rather than HES variables). CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of HES variables only aided missing data handling in NCDS to a limited extent. However, these findings may not generalise to other analyses, cohorts or linked administrative datasets. This work provides a demonstration of the use of linked administrative data for the handling of missing cohort data which we hope will act as template for others

Integrability of Lie systems through Riccati equations

Integrability conditions for Lie systems are related to reduction or transformation processes. We here analyse a geometric method to construct integrability conditions for Riccati equations following these approaches. This approach provides us with a unified geometrical viewpoint that allows us to analyse some previous works on the topic and explain new properties. Moreover, this new approach can be straightforwardly generalised to describe integrability conditions for any Lie system. Finally, we show the usefulness of our treatment in order to study the problem of the linearisability of Riccati equations.Comment: Corrected typo

Towards a best practice methodology for the detection of Phytophthora species in soils

The genus Phytophthora contains species that are major pathogens worldwide, affecting a multitude of plant species across agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and natural ecosystems. Here, we concentrate on those species that are dispersed through soil and water, attacking the roots of the plants, causing them to rot and die. The intention of this study was to compare the soil baiting protocol developed by the Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management (CPSM) with two other baiting methods used in Australia. The aim was to demonstrate the effectiveness of each protocol for soil baiting Phytophthora species in different substrates. Three experiments were conducted: the first to test the sensitivity of each method to detect Phytophthora cinnamomi, the second to test the effect of substrate type (sand or loam), and the third to test the detection of species (P. cinnamomi, P. multivora, or P. pseudocryptogea). The specificity of different plant species baits was compared within and between the methods. Substrate type influenced isolation in all methods; however, the CPSM method was superior regardless of substrate, albeit slower than one of the other methods for one substrate. Comparing bait species between the three methods, Quercus ilex was the most attractive bait for P. cinnamomi, particularly in the CPSM method. The choice of protocol affected the isolation associated with each bait type. Overall, the multiple bait system used by CPSM was shown to provide the most sensitive and reliable detection of Phytophthora species from soil samples.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio