Экономический анализ установок наружного освещения

Приведено технико-экономическое сравнение прожекторных и уличных осветительных установок с различными источниками света. Показано, что для оценки экономических показателей освещения лучше использовать стоимость единицы световой энергии, вычислены ее значения для ряда источников. Для прожекторов минимальную стоимость дают металлогалогенные лампы, для уличного освещения - натриевые лампы. Предложена методика расчета приведенных затрат на основе стоимости единицы световой энергии

The behaviour of consolidated volcanic tuffs: weathering mechanisms under simulated laboratory conditions

Five volcanic tuffs ranging from dacitic tuffs of Hungary to rhyolite, phonolite and basaltic tuffs of Germany were consolidated under laboratory conditions. Prior to consolidation an anti-hygro, a hydrous consolidant, which reduces the swelling ability of clay minerals, was applied. The three consolidants, a silicic acid ester (SAE), an elastic silicic acid ester (eSAE) and an acrylate resin (PMMA) were applied on test specimens under vacuum. Petrographic characterisation (polarizing microscopy, XRD, SEM) provided data for fabric analyses and the mineral composition of the tuffs. Changes in fabric, effective porosity, density, tensile strength, ultrasonic wave velocity were evaluated after the treatment. Weathering simulation tests such as hygric dilatation and thermal dilatation aimed to prove the effectiveness of consolidation and the durability of consolidated tuff samples. More than 500 samples were analysed. The tests showed that SAE caused the highest increase in indirect tensile strength. The water absorption and the pore size distribution of the tuffs were modified by consolidation. The PMMA reduced the water absorption the most, whereas SAE modified it the least. All the tested consolidants increased the thermal dilatation of the tuffs. The changes in hygric dilatation were not uniform: for most tuffs SAE increased and PMMA decreased the hygric dilatation, although the clay-rich Habichtswald tuff showed the opposite trend. The changes in hygric and thermal behaviour of consolidated tuff require special care when specific consolidants are chosen. These products modify the physical properties of consolidated tuffs and change the behaviour of weathering

Clinical Sports Medicine

Purpose: The aim of the present investigation was to compare the blood lactate concentration (BLC) vs. heart rate (HR) relationship of incremental treadmill (ITR) vs. prolonged field running (PFR) in order to provide a mathematical equation allowing to adjust HR-based intensity zones, derived from non-steady state ITR-exercise, to ensure their transposition to -and application for prolonged field running.Methods: Sixteen junior elite cross-country (XC) skiers were examined in ITR and PFR, where subjects were instructed to complete four consecutive self-paced 2.500 m-runs in undulating terrain at different exercise intensities. BLC obtained from both settings were compared at given HR, obtained from each of the four loops during PFR.Results: A two-way 4 x 2 repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant main effect of stage (p< .001) and test protocol (p< .001), as well as a significant interaction effect between these two factors (p<.001). Post-hoc calculated paired-samples t-test showed significantly lower BLC from ITR compared to that obtained from PFR at any loop/HR level. Cohens d revealed large effect sizes (loop 1: -; loop 2: 1.110.23 vs. 1.640.38 mmol l-1, p<.001, d=1.71; loop 3: 1.790.38 vs. 4.211.19, p<.001, d=2.12; loop 4: 3.080.75 vs. 9.161.67, p<.001, d=3.99). Conclusion: For BLC-levels ranging from 1.5-6 mmol l-1, coaches should subtract approx. 15 beats min-1 from the HR obtained during a lab test identical to that used in the present study in order to exercise at comparable BLC during prolonged training in the field.Key Words: Heart Rate, Training Zones, T-Test, Two-Way Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA

Ectopic expression of murine CD47 minimizes macrophage rejection of human hepatocyte xenografts in immunodeficient mice.

Macrophages play an important role in the rejection of xenogeneic cells and therefore represent a major obstacle to generating chimeric mice with human xenografts that are useful tools for basic and preclinical medical research. The signal inhibitory regulatory protein α (SIRPα) receptor is a negative regulator of macrophage phagocytic activity and interacts in a species-specific fashion with its ligand CD47. Furthermore, SIRPα polymorphism in laboratory mouse strains significantly affects the extent of human CD47-mediated toleration of human xenotransplants. Aiming to minimize macrophage activity and thus optimize human cell engraftment in immunodeficient mice, we lentivirally transduced murine CD47 (Cd47) into human liver cells. Human HepG2 liver cells expressing Cd47 were less frequently contacted and phagocytosed by murine RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro than their Cd47-negative counterparts. For the generation of human-mouse chimeric livers in immunodeficient BALB-ΔRAG/γ(c) -uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) mice, freshly thawed cryopreserved human hepatocytes were transduced with a lentiviral expression vector for Cd47 using a refined in vitro transduction protocol immediately before transplantation. In vivo, Cd47-positive human primary hepatocytes were selectively retained following engraftment in immunodeficient mice, leading to at least a doubling of liver repopulation efficiencies. Conclusion: We conclude that ectopic expression of murine Cd47 in human hepatocytes selectively favors engraftment upon transplantation into mice, a finding that should have a profound impact on the generation of robust humanized small animal models. Moreover, dominance of ectopically expressed murine Cd47 over endogenous human CD47 should also widen the spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains suitable for humanization. (HEPATOLOGY 2012)