Metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the RRS James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2013

The RRS James Clark Ross makes meteorological measurements around Antarctica during the austral summer, in the Arctic during the boreal summer and in the Atlantic during passages between the two poles. In May 2010, as part of the WAGES project the ships existing systems were complemented by the AutoFlux system (Yelland et al., 2009) to measure the transfers of momentum, heat and CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. Similarly, a commercial directional wave radar "WAVEX" made by the Norwegian firm MIROS was installed. This report describes the metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the RRS James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2013. Sensor serial numbers, dates of sensor changes and problems with sensors are contained in the associated tables

HiWASE: instrument alignments

Alignment offsets between anemometers and motion-sensing instruments are a source of uncertainty for eddy correlation flux measurements made at sea. A previously described laboratory technique (Brooks, 2008) has been utilised to determine the pitch, roll and yaw offsets between flux instruments installed on the weathership Polarfront as part of the HiWASE project. Pitch and roll offsets were determined with an uncertainty of between 0.02° and 0.08°. Yaw offsets were determined with an uncertainty of between 0.5° and 1.2°

Metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2011

The RRS James Clark Ross makes meteorological measurements around Antarctica during the austral summer, in the Arctic during the boreal summer and in the Atlantic during passages between the two poles. In May 2010, as part of the WAGES project the ships existing systems were complemented by the AutoFlux system (Yelland et al., 2009) to measure the transfers of momentum, heat and CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. Similarly, a commercial directional wave radar "WAVEX" made by the Norwegian firm MIROS was installed.This report describes the metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the RRS James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2011. Sensor serial numbers, dates of sensor changes andproblems with sensors are contained in the associated tables

Metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2011.

The RRS James Clark Ross makes meteorological measurements around Antarctica during the austral summer, in the Arctic during the boreal summer and in the Atlantic during passages between the two poles. In May 2010, as part of the WAGES project the ships existing systems were complemented by the AutoFlux system (Yelland et al., 2009) to measure the transfers of momentum, heat and CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. Similarly, a commercial directional wave radar "WAVEX" made by the Norwegian firm MIROS was installed. This report describes the metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the RRS James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2011. Sensor serial numbers, dates of sensor changes andproblems with sensors are contained in the associated tables

Metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the RRS James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2013

The RRS James Clark Ross makes meteorological measurements around Antarctica during the austral summer, in the Arctic during the boreal summer and in the Atlantic during passages between the two poles. In May 2010, as part of the WAGES project the ships existing systems were complemented by the AutoFlux system (Yelland et al., 2009) to measure the transfers of momentum, heat and CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. Similarly, a commercial directional wave radar "WAVEX" made by the Norwegian firm MIROS was installed. This report describes the metadata for the WAGES instrumentation deployed on the RRS James Clark Ross between May 2010 and September 2013. Sensor serial numbers, dates of sensor changes and problems with sensors are contained in the associated tables

Moored surface buoy observations of the diurnal warm layer

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118 (2013): 4553–4569, doi:10.1002/jgrc.20360.An extensive data set is used to examine the dynamics of diurnal warming in the upper ocean. The data set comprises more than 4700 days of measurements at five sites in the tropics and subtropics, obtained from surface moorings equipped to make comprehensive meteorological, incoming solar and infrared radiation, and high-resolution subsurface temperature (and, in some cases, velocity) measurements. The observations, which include surface warmings of up to 3.4°C, are compared with a selection of existing models of the diurnal warm layer (DWL). A simple one-layer physical model is shown to give a reasonable estimate of both the magnitude of diurnal surface warming (model-observation correlation 0.88) and the structure and temporal evolution of the DWL. Novel observations of velocity shear obtained during 346 days at one site, incorporating high-resolution (1 m) upper ocean (5–15 m) acoustic Doppler current profile measurements, are also shown to be in reasonable agreement with estimates from the physical model (daily maximum shear model-observation correlation 0.77). Physics-based improvements to the one-layer model (incorporation of rotation and freshwater terms) are discussed, though they do not provide significant improvements against the observations reported here. The simplicity and limitations of the physical model are used to discuss DWL dynamics. The physical model is shown to give better model performance under the range of forcing conditions experienced across the five sites than the more empirical models.J.P. was supported for part of this work by a graduate exchange studentship from the Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton. J.T.F. was supported by NSF OCE Award 0745508, the Charles D. Hollister Fund for Assistant Scientist Support, and the John E. and Anne W. Sawyer Endowed Fund in Special Support of Scientific Staff. R.A.W. was supported by the Office of Naval Research for the deployment of the Arabian Sea surface mooring, and by the NOAA Climate Program and Climate Observation Division for the deployment of the PACS and Stratus surface moorings. J.T.F. was supported under a cooperative program between WHOI and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST; Awards USA00001, USA00002, and KSA00011) of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the deployment of the KAUST surface moorings.2014-03-1

Wind, convection and fetch dependence of gas transfer velocity in an Arctic sea‐ice lead determined from eddy covariance CO 2 flux measurements

The air‐water exchange of trace gases such as CO2 is usually parameterized in terms of a gas transfer velocity, which can be derived from direct measurements of the air‐sea gas flux. The transfer velocity of poorly soluble gases is driven by near‐surface ocean turbulence, which may be enhanced or suppressed by the presence of sea ice. A lack of measurements means that air‐sea fluxes in polar regions, where the oceanic sink of CO2 is poorly known, are generally estimated using open‐ocean transfer velocities scaled by ice fraction. Here, we describe direct determinations of CO2 gas transfer velocity from eddy covariance flux measurements from a mast fixed to ice adjacent to a sea‐ice lead during the summer‐autumn transition in the central Arctic Ocean. Lead water CO2 uptake is determined using flux footprint analysis of water‐atmosphere and ice‐atmosphere flux measurements made under conditions (low humidity and high CO2 signal) that minimise errors due to humidity cross‐talk. The mean gas transfer velocity is found to have a quadratic dependence on wind speed: k660 = 0.179 U102 which is 30% lower than commonly used open‐ocean parameterizations. As such, current estimates of polar ocean carbon uptake likely overestimate gas exchange rates in typical summertime conditions of weak convective turbulence. Depending on the footprint model chosen, the gas transfer velocities also exhibit a dependence on the dimension of the lead, via its impact on fetch length and hence sea state. Scaling transfer velocity parameterizations for regional gas exchange estimates may therefore require incorporating lead width data

Comparison of two closed-path cavity-based spectrometers for measuring air-water CO<inf>2</inf> and CH<inf>4</inf> fluxes by eddy covariance

In recent years several commercialised closed-path cavity-based spectroscopic instruments designed for eddy covariance flux measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapour (H2O) have become available. Here we compare the performance of two leading models - the Picarro G2311-f and the Los Gatos Research (LGR) Fast Greenhouse Gas Analyzer (FGGA) at a coastal site. Both instruments can compute dry mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4 based on concurrently measured H2O, temperature, and pressure. Additionally, we used a high throughput Nafion dryer to physically remove H2O from the Picarro airstream. Observed air-sea CO2 and CH4 fluxes from these two analysers, averaging about 12 and 0.12 mmol m-2 day-1 respectively, agree within the measurement uncertainties. For the purpose of quantifying dry CO2 and CH4 fluxes downstream of a long inlet, the numerical H2O corrections appear to be reasonably effective and lead to results that are comparable to physical removal of H2O with a Nafion dryer in the mean. We estimate the high-frequency attenuation of fluxes in our closed-path set-up, which was relatively small (≤ 10 %) for CO2 and CH4 but very large for the more polar H2O. The Picarro showed significantly lower noise and flux detection limits than the LGR. The hourly flux detection limit for the Picarro was about 2 mmol m-2 day-1 for CO2 and 0.02 mmol m-2 day-1 for CH4. For the LGR these detection limits were about 8 and 0.05 mmol m-2 day-1. Using global maps of monthly mean air-sea CO2 flux as reference, we estimate that the Picarro and LGR can resolve hourly CO2 fluxes from roughly 40 and 4 % of the world's oceans respectively. Averaging over longer timescales would be required in regions with smaller fluxes. Hourly flux detection limits of CH4 from both instruments are generally higher than the expected emissions from the open ocean, though the signal to noise of this measurement may improve closer to the coast

Effects of a four-year health systems intervention on the use of maternal and infant health services: results from a programme evaluation in two districts of rural Chad

BACKGROUND: Attendance of maternal and infant care services in rural Chad are consistently low. Our study aimed to assess the use of antenatal (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) services, health facility delivery and infant health services after 4 years of a health systems intervention for improving the infrastructure, supplies, training and sensitization for maternal and infant health in two districts of rural Chad. METHODS: Data from a repeated cross-sectional household survey conducted in Yao and Danamadji in 2015 and in 2018 were analyzed. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling methodology was applied to achieve a representative sample of the rural settled and mobile population groups in the study area. A generalized linear model was applied to determine the health care utilization rates. Multivariate regression models were used to assess the association between the programme intervention and utilization outcomes of selected maternal and infant health services. RESULTS: Complete datasets were available for 1284 households at baseline. The endline analysis included 1175 households with complete survey data. The use of at least one ANC amongst pregnant women increased in both settled communities (from 80% in 2015 to 90% in 2018) and amongst mobile pastoralist communities (from 48% in 2015 to 56% in 2018). The rate of home delivery among settled communities and mobile pastoralists changed little between baseline and endline and remained high for both population groups. Individuals that were covered by the health systems intervention were however significantly more likely to attend ANC and less likely to give birth at home. PNC services only showed improvements amongst the settled communities (of 30%). Infants' reported health outcomes and vaccination coverage considerably improved; the latter especially among mobile pastoralist (from 15% in 2015 to 84% in 2018). CONCLUSION: A combination of health systems strengthening interventions was associated with an increased use of certain maternal and infant health services. However, to facilitate equitable access to and use of health care services in particular in times of increased vulnerability and by certain population groups in hard-to-reach areas, reinforced health education and culturally adapted communication strategies, including gender-specific messaging will be needed over a sustained period