Cold storage investigations with wealthy apples: Fifth progress report

1. Wealthy apples grown in northern Iowa when properly ripened and carefully handled kept well in cold storage until late in February. 2. Apple-scald does not appear to be a factor in the storage of Wealthy apples on well ripened fruit. 3. Soft-scald was most abundant on immature fruit and especially on delayed stored immature fruit. Soft-scald was practically eliminated by immediate storage. This held true with fruit picked in either an immature or in a mature condition. 4. Oiled wraps practically controlled apple-scald on Wealthy and in some cases apparently reduced the amount of soft-scald, but the results with the latter cannot be taken as conclusive. 5. The percentage of Wealthy affected with rots resulting from skin injuries was 11 percent. Approximately seven percent of these rots resulted from mechanical injuries and four percent from growth cracks

Soggy breakdown of apples and Its control by storage temperature

1. Soggy breakdown, a non-parasitic disease which develops at low temperatures, is described. 2. Soggy breakdown is distinguished from internal breakdown and from physiological decay or the breakdown which accompanies senescence. The name mealy breakdown is suggested for the latter. 3. Grimes and Wealthy apples have been found to be very susceptible to soggy breakdown, while Jonathan, Arkansas, Willow and Northwestern Greening appear immune to the disease. 4. The initial appearance of soggy breakdown on Grimes in cold storage occurred during the early part of December. 5. Differences of 2° or 4° F. in cold storage temperatures markedly affected the development of the disease. 6. No serious amount of soggy breakdown occurred on the fruit stored at 36° F., or on fruit held in common storage. The disease did not appear in common storage. 7. Soggy breakdown developed most seriously at 30° F., as compared to its development at 32 °, 34° and 36° F. The most satisfactory temperature for the storage of Grimes was found to be 36° F. 8. When stored immediately after picking, late picked fruit was more susceptible than early picked. 9. Delayed storage materially increased the susceptibility to soggy breakdown. The influence of delayed storage, however, appears to be linked with the time of picking. 10. Exposure of the fruit to free circulation of the storage room atmosphere prevented the development of soggy breakdown on delayed storage fruit during one storage season, and caused visible shriveling of the fruit. 11. Direct access of the fruit to air during delayed storage did not reduce development of the disease in storage. 12. Evidence obtained suggests that apples become susceptible to soggy breakdown after certain periods of exposure to ordinary temperatures. 13. Soggy breakdown appeared to be more serious some years than others. 14. Grimes from the Wenatchee apple district of Washington and those from central Michigan were as susceptible to soggy breakdown as Grimes from Iowa. 15. Grimes in commercial cold storage developed as much soggy breakdown as those at the same temperature in experimental storage. 16. The quality, condition and attractiveness of Grimes, stored at 36° F., were superior to those stored at the lower temperatures. 17. Grimes stored at 36° F. softened only slightly more than those at lower temperatures. 18. An increase in the tendency to apple-scald in Grimes, due to a slightly higher storage temperature. was successfully averted by the use of oiled paper wraps. 19. With well graded, high quality fruit, the increase in loss due to apple rot fungi at 36° F. was insignificant

Apple storage investigations fourth progress report

This is the fourth report* of the apple storage investigations begun in 1906 by the Pomology Section of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. The report embodies the results of investigations dealing mainly with the development and control of such storage diseases as Jonathan-spot, apple-scald and internal breakdown. The investigations are divided into two parts. Part I deals with the development and control of the storage diseases, Jonathan-spot and soft-scald on the Jonathan apple. Part II includes studies on the development and control of apple-scald and internal breakdown and the effect of certain odorous substances on apples. The report embodies the results of investigations on the keeping quality of apples in storage as affected by varying treatments in the orchard, as time of picking, time of storing and soil cultural methods. Various storage conditions such as temperature, humidity, and aeration have been considered. Particular attention has been given to different types of apple wraps. The keeping quality of Jonathan apples has been compared in cold and common storage

Certain physical and chemical changes of Grimes Apples during ripening and storage pr

These studies of changes in Grimes Apples, incident to ripening and storage, include rate of softening, increase in size, color changes of fruit and seeds, other common tests used by the growr to determine time of picking, and chemical analyses of changes within the apple

Modeling the Full Time-Dependent Phenomenology of Filled Rubber for Use in Anti-Vibration Design

Component design of rubber-based anti-vibration devices remains a challenge, since there is a lack of predictive models in the typical regimes encountered by anti-vibration devices that are deformed to medium dynamic strains (0.5 to 3.5) at medium strain rates (0.5/s to 10/s). An approach is proposed that demonstrates all non-linear viscoelastic effects such as hysteresis and cyclic stress softening. As it is based on a free-energy, it is fast and easily implementable. The fitting parameters behave meaningfully when changing the filler volume fraction. The model was implemented for use in the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. Examples of how to fit experimental data and simulations for a variety of carbon black filled natural rubber compounds are presented

Functional diseases of the apple in storage

A systematic study of the storage diseases of apples includes the consideration of two general groups: (a) the functional, and (b) the parasitic diseases. Although most kinds of parasitic diseases are seldom found on good grades of apples, occasionally some of these escape inspection and develop considerably on ripe, fruit in storage. The fruit grower who is concerned with producing sound fruit is familiar with such parasitic diseases as apple scab, apple blotch and cedar-apple rust. The fruit dealer, storage operator and consumer, on the other hand, more frequently come in contact with the functional diseases such as Jonathan spot, apple scald, bitter pit and breakdown

Z2SAL: a translation-based model checker for Z

Despite being widely known and accepted in industry, the Z formal specification language has not so far been well supported by automated verification tools, mostly because of the challenges in handling the abstraction of the language. In this paper we discuss a novel approach to building a model-checker for Z, which involves implementing a translation from Z into SAL, the input language for the Symbolic Analysis Laboratory, a toolset which includes a number of model-checkers and a simulator. The Z2SAL translation deals with a number of important issues, including: mapping unbounded, abstract specifications into bounded, finite models amenable to a BDD-based symbolic checker; converting a non-constructive and piecemeal style of functional specification into a deterministic, automaton-based style of specification; and supporting the rich set-based vocabulary of the Z mathematical toolkit. This paper discusses progress made towards implementing as complete and faithful a translation as possible, while highlighting certain assumptions, respecting certain limitations and making use of available optimisations. The translation is illustrated throughout with examples; and a complete working example is presented, together with performance data

Variation of Acoustic Absorption Caused by Different Surface Treatments of Insulation Board

An investigation was made of the acoustic absorption coefficient of insulation board made from cornstalk pulp. The chief interest was to investigate the change in absorption coefficient clue to progressive alteration of the surface of the board. The specimen boards were one foot square and one inch thick and the absorption was determined for plain board, beveled board, board with a few shallow grooves, with many grooves, and finally with deep grooves. These changes were made progressively on the same boards in order to eliminate variations caused by differences in structure which might otherwise occur

Nieuw kraamhok voor scharrelvarkens voldoet goed

Om knelpunten in de scharrelvarkenshouderij op te lossen is een nieuw type kraamhok vergeleken met een Deens kraamhok, beide bij twee of vier keer daags uitmesten. In het nieuwe kraamhok groeien de biggen beter en hebben minder last van maagdarmaandoeningen

Vliegenbestrijding in varkensstallen

Bestrijding van huisvliegen in varkensstallen zonder chemische middelen is mogelijk. In biggen- en vleesvarkensafdelingen zijn roofvliegen net zo effectief als chemische bestrijding. In stallen voor guste en dragende zeugen en in kraamstallen werkt het minder goed