Change in Seventh-day Adventist Theology: a Study of the Problem of Doctrinal Development

Problem. Like other churches, Seventh-day Adventists face the challenge of harmonizing the essential immutability of revelation in Christ and what seem to be significant doctrinal modifications. This study provides the first in-depth treatment of the intricate problem of doctrinal development from a Seventh-day Adventist perspective. Method. Chapter 1 defines the problem, chapter 2 offers a historical-genetic survey of proposed solutions, while chapter 3 presents a systematic-typological analysis of possible responses to doctrinal change in Christian theology. Chapter 4 investigates the extent, nature, and direction of Seventh-day Adventist doctrinal developments in the light of the religious background of the church and the sociological forces at work in it; chapter 5 analyzes the response of the church to doctrinal adjustments historically, terminologically, and systematically; and, finally, chapter 6 discusses Ellen White\u27s personal involvement in and conception of doctrinal change. Results. The study yields the following results: (1) Doctrinal development involves complex theological and hermeneutical issues. (2) History reveals three fundamental approaches (immobilist-stationary, progressivist-evolutionary, and revisionist-revolutionary) successively developed in response to the growing awareness of doctrinal change. (3) The many theories of doctrinal development may be classified inthree ideal types (static, dynamic, and evolutionary/revolutionary) indicating the basic options available to Christians today. (4) Seventh-day Adventism grew out of William Miller\u27s apocalyptic, and increasingly separatist, revival movement. Its fundamental and distinctive teachings have been significantly affected by homogeneous, heterogeneous, and hermeneutical developments under the impact of sociological forces that tended to move the church closer towards evangelical Protestantism and denominationalism. (5) In the past, Seventh-day Adventists have predominantly advocated the historic and/or organistic theories of doctrinal development; more recently, theological, situationist, and revisionist conceptions have also been proposed. (6) Ellen White was personally involved in theological change; her concept of doctrinal development reflects a remarkable depth of insight and represents a well-balanced approach to the subject. Conclusions. A dialectic approach that is equally concerned for substantial continuity and authentic change can best avoid the twin dangers of doctrinal immobilism and revisionism. To this end, a comprehensive study of the hermeneutical issue of doctrinal development from an Adventist theological perspective is needed

Die theologische Bedeutung der Taufe und ihre Implikationen nach dem Zeugnis des Neuen Testaments

Ovaj esej razmatra bogato teološko značenje kršćanskog krštenja i pita kakve su njegove posljedice za današnju praksu krštavanja. Ukorijenjeno u Ivanovom krštenju, ali ga daleko nadmašuje, krštenje posjeduje najmanje deset značajnih elemenata. Pritom povezuje Božju riječ i ljudski odgovor, potvrdu i doživljavanje spasenja kao i priznanje vjere. Ovi temeljni elementi krštenjem punoljetne osobe uronjavanjem postaju odmjereno važeći. Ono vodi računa o biblijskim preduvjetima za krštenje, unosi formu i suštinu krštenja u jamstvo i na najbolji način predočava mnogostruku simboliku krštenja. Ponovno krštavanje je istina zamislivo, ali ga treba uzeti u obzir samo u izuzetnim slučajevima.Das Essay untersucht die reiche theologische Bedeutung der christlichen Taufe und fragt nach deren Folgerungen für die heutige Taufpraxis. Verwurzelt in der Johannestaufe, doch weit über sie hinausreichend, besitzt die Taufe mindestens zehn edeutungsaspekte. Dabei verbindet sie göttliches Wort und menschliche Antwort, Zusage und Erfahrung des Heils sowie Bekenntnis des Glaubens. Diese grundlegenden Aspekte kommen in der Mündigentaufe durch Untertauchen angemessen zur Geltung. Sie berücksichtigt die biblischen Taufvoraussetzungen, bringt Form und 7esen der Taufe in Deckung und veranschaulicht am besten die vielfältige Symbolik der Taufe. Eine Taufwiederholung ist zwar denkbar, sollte jedoch nur in Ausnahmefällen in Erwägung gezogen werden

Corrigendum to "Broadband Cavity Enhanced Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CE-DOAS) – applicability and corrections" published in Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 713–723, 2009

No abstract available

On the relative absorption strengths of water vapour in the blue wavelength range

In recent updates of the HITRAN water vapour H2O spectroscopic compilation covering the blue spectral region (here: 394–480 nm) significant changes for the absorption bands at 416 and 426 nm were reported. In order to investigate the consistency of the different cross-sections calculated from these compilations, H2O vapour column density ratios for different spectral intervals were retrieved from long-path and multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements. We observed a significant improvement of the DOAS evaluation when using the updated HITRAN water vapour absorption cross-sections for the calculation of the reference spectra. In particular the magnitudes of the residual spectra as well as the fit errors were reduced. However, we also found that the best match between measurement and model is reached when the absorption cross-section of groups of lines are scaled by factors ranging from 0.5 to 1.9, suggesting that the HITRAN water vapour absorption compilation still needs significant corrections. For this spectral region we present correction factors for HITRAN 2009, HITRAN 2012, HITEMP and BT2 derived from field measurements. Additionally, upper limits for water vapour absorption in the UV-A range from 330 to 390 nm are given

Die Theologische Bedeutung der Abendmahlsfeier

Sljedeća studija pokušava pregledno predstaviti u Novom zavjetu nađeno bogatstvo značenja Gospodnje večere. Time želimo dati osnovu na kojoj je moguća pojava novog značenja o suštini i oblikovanju Gospodnje večere suvislo i pod izvjesnim uvjetima čak i nužno. Ovo posljednje mora biti vođeno pitanjem, u kojoj mjeri adventistička gledišta i praksa odražavaju i ostvaruju biblijsko razumijevanje Gospodnje večere. Konačno i na ovom području Biblija mora pokazati svoju normirajuću funkciju nasuprot svim tradicionalnim gledištima.Die folgende Studie versucht, den im Neuen Testament vorfi ndlichen Bedeutungsreichtum des Abendmahls übersichtlich darzustellen. Damit soll eine Grundlage gegeben werden, auf der eine Neubesinnung über Wesen und Gestaltung des Herrenmahls möglich, sinnvoll und u.U. sogar notwendig erscheint. Letztere muß von der Fragestellung geleitet seine, inwieweit die adventistischen Anschauungen und Praktiken das biblische Abendmahlsverständnis refl ektieren und realisieren. Schließlich muß auch auf diesem Gebiet die Bibel ihre normierende Funktion gegenüber allen überlieferten Ansichten erweisen können

The spatial distribution of the reactive iodine species IO from simultaneous active and passive DOAS observations

We present investigations of the reactive iodine species (RIS) IO, OIO and I<sub>2</sub> in a coastal region from a field campaign simultaneously employing active long path differential optical absorption spectroscopy (LP-DOAS) as well as passive multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). The campaign took place at the Martin Ryan Institute (MRI) in Carna, County Galway at the Irish West Coast about 6 km south-east of the atmospheric research station Mace Head in summer 2007. In order to study the horizontal distribution of the trace gases of interest, we established two almost parallel active LP-DOAS light paths, the shorter of 1034 m length just crossing the intertidal area, whereas the longer one of 3946 m length also crossed open water during periods of low tide. In addition we operated two passive Mini-MAX-DOAS instruments with the same viewing direction. While neither OIO nor I<sub>2</sub> could be unambiguously identified with any of the instruments, IO could be detected with active as well as passive DOAS. The IO column densities seen at both active LP-DOAS light paths are almost the same. Thus it can be concluded that coastal IO is almost exclusively located in the intertidal area, where we detected mixing ratios of up to 35±7.7 ppt (equivalent to pmol/mol). Nucleation events with particle concentrations of 10<sup>6</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> particles were observed each day correlating with high IO mixing ratios. Therefore we feel that our detected IO concentrations confirm the results of model studies, which state that in order to explain such particle bursts, IO mixing ratios of 50 to 100 ppt in so called "hot-spots" are required

Iodine monoxide at a clean marine coastal site: observations of high frequency variations and inhomogeneous distributions

The first in situ point observations of iodine monoxide (IO) at a clean marine site were made using a laser-induced fluorescence instrument deployed at Mace Head, Ireland in August 2007. IO mixing ratios of up to 49.8 pptv (equivalent to pmol mol<sup>−1</sup>; 1 s average) were observed at day-time low tide, well in excess of previous observed spatially-averaged maxima. A strong anti-correlation of IO mixing ratios with tide height was evident and the high time resolution of the observations showed IO peaked in the hour after low tide. The temporal delay in peak IO compared to low tide has not been observed previously but coincides with the time of peak aerosol number previously observed at Mace Head. <br><br> A long path-differential optical absorption spectroscopy instrument (with a 2 × 6.8 km folded path across Roundstone Bay) was also based at the site for 3 days during the point measurement observation period. Both instruments show similar temporal trends but the point measurements of IO are a factor of ~6–10 times greater than the spatially averaged IO mixing ratios, providing direct empirical evidence of the presence of inhomogeneities in the IO mixing ratio near the intertidal region

The Role of Open Lead Interactions in Atmospheric Ozone Variability Between Arctic Coastal and Inland Sites

Boundary layer atmospheric ozone depletion events (ODEs) are commonly observed across polar sea ice regions following polar sunrise. During March-April 2005 in Alaska, the coastal site of Barrow and inland site of Atqasuk experienced ODEs (O3 \u3c 10 nmol mol-1) concurrently for 31% of the observations, consistent with large spatial scale ozone depletion. However, 7% of the time ODEs were exclusively observed inland at Atqasuk. This phenomenon also occurred during one of nine flights during the BRomine, Ozone, and Mercury EXperiment (BROMEX), when atmospheric vertical profiles at both sites showed near-surface ozone depletion only at Atqasuk on 28 March 2012. Concurrent in-flight BrO measurements made using nadir scanning differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) showed the differences in ozone vertical profiles at these two sites could not be attributed to differences in locally occurring halogen chemistry. During both studies, backward air mass trajectories showed that the Barrow air masses observed had interacted with open sea ice leads, causing increased vertical mixing and recovery of ozone at Barrow and not Atqasuk, where the air masses only interacted with tundra and consolidated sea ice. These observations suggest that, while it is typical for coastal and inland sites to have similar ozone conditions, open leads may cause heterogeneity in the chemical composition of the springtime Arctic boundary layer over coastal and inland areas adjacent to sea ice regions

Towards better air quality using the plume chasing method : validation studies of real driving NOx emission measurements of vehicles

The reliability of Plume Chasing as a Remote Emission Measurement Technique in detecting NOx emissions is investigated. It allows, for example, to identify high-NOx-emitting vehicles with high precision. During a 5-day study of the CARES project, controlled Plume Chasing measurements of different types of vehicles were performed on a test track. The test track experiments included 21 different sessions with different driving properties and different test vehicles representative for a common vehicle fleet. During the experiments, the emission control systems were activated and deactivated in a blind comparison experiment. The Plume Chasing method showed excellent correlation with the averaged reference SEMS NOx data. The main cause for deviations was found to be situations when emissions are significantly influenced by plumes from high emitting vehicles driving ahead

Emission ratio determination from road vehicles using a range of remote emission sensing techniques

The development of remote emission sensing techniques such as plume chasing and point sampling has progressed significantly and is providing new insight into vehicle emissions behaviour. However, the analysis of remote emission sensing data can be highly challenging and there is currently no standardised method available. In this study we present a single data processing approach to quantify vehicle exhaust emissions measured using a range of remote emission sensing techniques. The method uses rolling regression calculated over short time intervals to derive the characteristics of diluting plumes. We apply the method to high time-resolution plume chasing and point sampling data to quantify gaseous exhaust emission ratios from individual vehicles. Data from a series of vehicle emission characterisation experiments conducted under controlled conditions is used to demonstrate the potential of this approach. First, the method is validated through comparison with on-board emission measurements. Second, the ability of this approach to detect changes in NOx / CO2 ratios associated with aftertreatment system tampering and different engine operating conditions is shown. Third, the flexibility of the approach is demonstrated by varying the pollutants used as regression variables and quantifying the NO2 / NOx ratios for different vehicle types. A higher proportion of total NOx is emitted as NO2 when the selective catalytic reduction system of the measured heavy duty truck is tampered. In addition, the applicability of this approach to urban environments is illustrated using mobile measurements conducted in Milan, Italy in 2021. Emissions from local combustion sources are distinguished from a complex urban background and the spatiotemporal variability in emissions is shown. The mean NOx / CO2 ratio of 1.61 ppb/ppm is considered representative of the local vehicle fleet. It is envisaged that this approach can be used to quantify emissions from a range of mobile and stationary fuel combustion sources, including non-road vehicles, ships, trains, boilers and incinerators