Motorische Leistungsfähigkeit - Ergebnisse des Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS)

Die motorische Leistungsfähigkeit wurde im Kinder- und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 4–17 Jahren mittels spezifischer Kurztests untersucht. Dabei wurden die Dimensionen der motorischen Fähigkeiten Koordination, Kraft, Ausdauer und Beweglichkeit getestet. Der Untersuchungsschwerpunkt lag bei den 4- bis 10-Jährigen in der Erfassung koordinativer Fähigkeiten, der Kraftfähigkeit und der Beweglichkeit, bei der Altersgruppe der 11- bis 17-Jährigen in der Erfassung der Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschreibt die motorische Leistungsfähigkeit anhand der getesteten Dimensionen nach Alter, Geschlecht sowie nach soziodemographischen Aspekten. Für alle Testaufgaben zeigen sich erwartungsgemäß bessere Werte bei den älteren gegenüber den jüngeren Kindern und Jugendlichen. Bei den 4- bis 10-Jährigen zeigen Mädchen in 5 der 6 Testaufgaben eine geringfügig höhere motorische Leistungsfähigkeit als Jungen. Beim Fahrrad-Ausdauertest der 11- bis 17-Jährigen weisen Jungen die besseren Ergebnisse auf. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass zwischen Migrations- und Sozialstatus und der motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit ein Zusammenhang besteht. Die aufgezeigten Unterschiede verdeutlichen, dass mögliche Interventionsprogramme spezifisch auf Alter, Geschlecht sowie die Belange von Kindern und Familien mit Migrationshintergrund und mit niedrigem Sozialstatus abgestimmt werden sollten. Mit der Erhebung der Motorikdaten wurde eine für Deutschland repräsentative Datenbasis geschaffen, anhand derer es zukünftig möglich sein wird, Aussagen über den Stand und die Entwicklung der motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit von Kindern und Jugendlichen machen zu können.Motor fitness was investigated in children and adolescents aged 4–17 using specific short tests. These tested the motor abilities: co-ordination, strength, cardiorespiratory fitness and flexibility. Among the 4–10 year olds, the focus of the investigation was on recording coordination, strength and flexibility; in the age group of the 11–17 year olds it was on recording cardiorespiratory fitness. The current investigation describes motor fitness based on the tested abilities according to age, sex and sociodemographic aspects. In all the test tasks, as expected, there are better results from older children and adolescents than from younger ones. Among the 4–10 year olds, girls display a slightly higher motor fitness in five out of the six tasks. In cardiorespiratory fitness, the cycle ergometer test for the 11-17 year olds shows better results for boys. The results indicate that there is a correlation between migrant status, social status and motor fitness. The shown differences point out that possible intervention programmes should be specifically attuned to age and sex as well as to the concerns of children and families with a migrant background and those of low social status. These collected data on motor fitness produced a database, representative of Germany. This will enable statements on state and development of motor fitness in children and adolescents in the future

The origin of spherulitic iron-oxides and intergrown carbonaceous matter in the 2.9 Ga BIF (Babaduban Group, Dharwar Craton, India): implications for Martian surface investigation

International audienc

Cable systems in multi purpose or shared structures

With the increase in demand and the challenges posed by the design and installation of high voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV) cables in congested right of ways, structures such as tunnels and bridges for multipurpose use are becoming an attractive option. Cigre\u2019s working group B1.08 met in various parts of the world and developed engineering guidelines on Cable Systems in Multi Purpose or Shared Structures during 2006-9. This working group had electrical cable engineers from Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and a civil engineer from the United States. With the increase in demand and the challenges posed by the design and installation of high voltage (HV) and extra high voltage (EHV) cables in dense urban and other congested right of ways, structures such as tunnels and bridges for multipurpose use are becoming an attractive option. They offer reduced overall costs, environmental advantages and less disruption to the community during installation, maintenance and replacement of cables and other services. In the Cigre\u2019 WG B1-08.9.3, the reader can follow Sections 1 to 5 and review the examples described in Section 8 to decide if a shared structure is appropriate. If the decision is to use a shared structure, Sections 6 and 7 offer expert guidance on various technical and administrative issues, forming a wonderful reference document on the design and implementation of such a system. Section 8 indeed is a review of the international experience of HV cables in multipurpose or shared structures, offering prior established experienced in this field. Future trends are summarized in Section 9. Section 10 offers a list of 60 references. A comprehensive appendix presents the results of TF B1-14, which surveyed through comprehensive questionnaires on the global use of cables and structures. The same issue for Gas Insulated Lines (GIL) has been reviewed by JWG B3/B1.09 in the TB 351 "Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines in Structures." Scope of Work Due to the complexity of cabling in general, this study group elected to mainly deal with cable systems of 50 kV and above in multipurpose and shared structures where it felt that future investments are most likely to be made. There is no limitation to applying these principles, however, to cables of lower voltages