Urban green spaces and vector-borne disease risk in Africa : the case of an unclean forested park in Libreville (Gabon, Central Africa)

In Africa, vector-borne diseases are a major public health issue, especially in cities. Urban greening is increasingly considered to promote inhabitants' well-being. However, the impact of urban green spaces on vector risk remains poorly investigated, particularly urban forests in poor hygienic conditions. Therefore, using larval sampling and human landing catches, this study investigated the mosquito diversity and the vector risk in a forest patch and its inhabited surroundings in Libreville, Gabon, central Africa. Among the 104 water containers explored, 94 (90.4%) were artificial (gutters, used tires, plastic bottles) and 10 (9.6%) were natural (puddles, streams, tree holes). In total, 770 mosquitoes belonging to 14 species were collected from such water containers (73.1% outside the forested area). The mosquito community was dominated by Aedes albopictus (33.5%), Culex quinquefasciatus (30.4%), and Lutzia tigripes (16.5%). Although mosquito diversity was almost double outside compared to inside the forest (Shannon diversity index: 1.3 vs. 0.7, respectively), the species relative abundance (Morisita-Horn index = 0.7) was similar. Ae. albopictus (86.1%) was the most aggressive species, putting people at risk of Aedes-borne viruses. This study highlights the importance of waste pollution in urban forested ecosystems as a potential driver of mosquito-borne diseases

Exploring the diversity of blood-sucking diptera in caves of Central Africa

Caves house pathogenic microorganisms, some of which are transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods. In Africa, previous studies identified mosquitoes, sand flies and biting midges as the main potential vectors of cave-dwelling pathogens. However, to understand their involvement in pathogen spillover, it is crucial to characterize their diversity, community composition and dynamics. Using CDC light traps, we collected hematophagous Diptera in six caves of Gabon during one-shot or longitudinal sampling, and investigated their species diversity and dynamics in relation with external rainfall. Overall, we identified 68 species of mosquitoes, sand flies and biting midges, including 45 new records for Gabon. The dominant species were: Uranotaenia nigromaculata, Anopheles smithii s. l., Culex. rima group and Culex quasiguiarti for mosquitoes, Spelaeophlebotomus gigas and Spelaeomyia emilii for sand flies and the Culicoides trifasciellus group and Culicoides fulvithorax for biting midges. The survey revealed that species assemblages were cave-specific and included mainly troglophilous and trogloxenous species. Both diversity and abundance varied according to the cave and sampling time, and were significantly associated with rainfall. These associations were modulated by the cave specific environmental conditions. Moreover, the presence of trogloxenous and troglophilous species could be of high significance for pathogen transfers between cave and epigeous hosts, including humans

Tracking zoonotic pathogens using bloodsucking flies as 'flying syringes'

About 60% of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of zoonotic origin. Their increasing number requires the development of new methods for early detection and monitoring of infectious agents in wildlife. Here, we investigated whether blood meals from hematophagous flies could be used to identify the infectious agents circulating in wild vertebrates. To this aim, 1230 blood-engorged flies were caught in the forests of Gabon. Identified blood meals (30%) were from 20 vertebrate species including mammals, birds and reptiles. Among them, 9% were infected by different extant malaria parasites among which some belonged to known parasite species, others to new parasite species or to parasite lineages for which only the vector was known. This study demonstrates that using hematophagous flies as 'flying syringes' constitutes an interesting approach to investigate blood-borne pathogen diversity in wild vertebrates and could be used as an early detection tool of zoonotic pathogens

Plusieurs épidémies de fièvre hémorragique due au virus Ebola au Gabon, d'octobre 2001 à avril 2002

Des épidémies de fièvre hémorragique virale à virus Ebola (FHVE) ont été rapportées de 1994 à 1996 dans la province de l’Ogooué Ivindo, une zone forestière située au Nord Est du Gabon. Chaque fois, les grands primates avaient été reconnus comme la source initiale de l’infection humaine. Fin novembre 2001 une nouvelle alerte est venue de cette province qui a rapidement était confirmée comme étant une épidémie de FHVE. La riposte a été organisée par le ministère de la santé publique avec l’aide d’une équipe internationale sous l’égide de l’OMS. Un système de surveillance active a été mis en place dans les trois districts touchés par l’épidémie (Zadié, Ivindo and Mpassa) afin d’organiser la détection des cas et le suivi de leur contacts. Une définition de cas a été adoptée, les cas suspects étaient isolés à l’hôpital, à domicile ou dans des lazarets, et des tests sérologiques étaient réalisés. Ces tests comportaient la détection de l’antigène ou des IgG spécifiques, et la RT-PCR. Un classement des cas était réalisé en fonction des résultats des tests biologiques et des données cliniques et épidémiologiques. Les sujets contacts étaient surveillés durant 21 jours. On a dénombré 65 cas dont 53 décès. Le premier cas humain, un chasseur, était décédé le 28 octobre 2001. L’épidémie s’est propagée grâce une transmission familiale et une contamination nosocomiale. Quatre foyers primaires distincts ont été mis en évidence ainsi qu’un cas isolé situé dans le Sud est du Gabon, à 580 km de l’épicentre, Les décès sont survenus dans un délai de 6 jours. Le dernier décès a été enregistré le 22 mars 2002 et la fin de l’épidémie déclarée le 6 mai 2002. L’épidémie s’est étendue au Congo voisin. Des morts inexpliquées d’animaux avaient été signalées dans les forêts environnantes dès le mois d’août 2001 : des grands primates et des céphalophes. Les prélèvements réalisés sur leurs carcasses confirmaient une épidémie animale concomitante

Insect-specific viruses regulate vector competence in <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquitoes via expression of histone H4

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are major mosquito vectors for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses. Mosquitoes also carry insect-specific viruses (ISVs) that may affect the transmission of arboviruses. Here, we analyzed the global virome in urban Aedes mosquitoes and observed that two insect-specific viruses, Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) and Humaita Tubiacanga virus (HTV), were the most prevalent in A. aegypti worldwide except for African cities, where transmission of arboviruses is low. Spatiotemporal analysis revealed that presence of HTV and PCLV led to a 200% increase in the chances of having DENV in wild mosquitoes. In the laboratory, we showed that HTV and PCLV prevented downregulation of histone H4, a previously unrecognized proviral host factor, and rendered mosquitoes more susceptible to DENV and ZIKV. Altogether, our data reveals a molecular basis for the regulation of A. aegypti vector competence by highly prevalent ISVs that may impact how we analyze the risk of arbovirus outbreaks

Mosquito vector competence for dengue is modulated by insect-specific viruses

International audienceAedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are the main vectors for dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). Understanding the factors that affect transmission of arboviruses from mosquitoes to humans is a priority because it could inform public health and targeted interventions. Reasoning that interactions among viruses in the vector insect might affect transmission, we analysed the viromes of 815 urban Aedes mosquitoes collected from 12 countries worldwide. Two mosquito-specific viruses, Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) and Humaita Tubiacanga virus (HTV), were the most abundant in A. aegypti worldwide. Spatiotemporal analyses of virus circulation in an endemic urban area revealed a 200% increase in chances of having DENV in wild A. aegypti mosquitoes when both HTV and PCLV were present. Using a mouse model in the laboratory, we showed that the presence of HTV and PCLV increased the ability of mosquitoes to transmit DENV and ZIKV to a vertebrate host. By transcriptomic analysis, we found that in DENV-infected mosquitoes, HTV and PCLV block the downregulation of histone H4, which we identify as an important proviral host factor in vivo