1,475 research outputs found
The Costs of Freely Granting Specific Performance
For thousands of years the migratory birds has travelled across the earth in the same directions and returns to the same places generation through generation. They navigate by the magnetic field of the earth, star constellations, polarized light and through a visual memory of the geological landmarks like the coastlines. After they have made their journey across open sea they need place for resting. Lista is the first outpost after the long distance over the North Sea. Lista Bird Observatory has been in operation since 1989. The bird observatory's premier task is to identify the existence and development of bird populations and to collect quantitative data on bird migration over time. The observatory is strategically located at the flyways for several migration birds. Ever since its establishment all observation data has been recorded and since 1990 the observatory also make standardized bird ringing. In Norway, this material constitutes unique time series for the presence of a large number of bird species. This project answers to the need of appropriate locations for the bird observatory. It creates conditions for a national and an international research and a platform for the Norwegian Ornithological Society. It also gives spaces for environmental education and information where the architecture emphasizes the landscape as well as the bird- and wildlife. Local residents and occasional visitors are given room for recreation and meeting places and the project connects to a Norwegian culture of experience tourism. It underlines the bird observatory's significance and creates a local and regional center for bird watching. The architecture creates a focus and an awareness of the surrounding landscape and alludes to a tradition of vistas but in the same time it offers the visitors to enter and explore the nature. I tusentals Ă„r flyttfĂ„glarna har rest över jorden i samma riktningar och Ă„tervĂ€nder till samma platser generation efter generation. De navigerar genom jordens magnetfĂ€lt, stjĂ€rnbilder, polariserat ljus och genom ett visuellt minne av geografiska landmĂ€rken sĂ„som kuststrĂ€ckor och öar. Efter att de har gjort sin resa över öppet hav behöver de plats för vila. Lista Ă€r den första utposten efter den lĂ„nga resan över Nordsjön. Lista fĂ„gelstation har varit verksam sedan 1989. FĂ„gelstationens frĂ€msta uppgift Ă€r att kartlĂ€gga förekomsten och utvecklingen av fĂ„gelpopulationer samt att samla in kvantitativ data om flyttfĂ„glar och deras rörelser över tid. Observatoriet Ă€r strategiskt belĂ€get vid flyttstrĂ€ckor för flertalet flyttfĂ„glar. Ănda sedan starten har alla observationsdata registrerats och sedan 1990 gör fĂ„gelstationen Ă€ven standardiserade ringmĂ€rkning. I Norge utgör detta material unika tidsserier för förekomsten av ett stort antal fĂ„gelarter. Detta projekt svarar för behovet av Ă€ndamĂ„lsenliga lokaler för fĂ„gelstation. Det skapar förutsĂ€ttningar för en nationell och internationell forskning och en plattform för Norsk Ornitologisk Förening. Det ger ocksĂ„ utrymmen för miljöutbildning och miljöinformation dĂ€r arkitekturen betonar landskapet samt fĂ„gel-och djurlivet. Lokala invĂ„nare och tillfĂ€lliga besökare ges rum för rekreation och mötesplatser och projektet ansluter till en norsk kultur av friluftsturism. Det understryker fĂ„gelstationens betydelse och skapar ett lokalt och regionalt centrum för fĂ„gelskĂ„dning. Arkitekturen skapar ett fokus och en medvetenhet om det omgivande landskapet och anspelar pĂ„ en norsk tradition av vyer men erbjuder pĂ„ samma gĂ„ng besökarna att stiga ut i och uppleva naturen
Foreword
Industrins energianvĂ€ndning medför koldioxidutslĂ€pp som bidrar till klimatförĂ€ndringar. Inom EU och Sverige efterstrĂ€vas en konkurrenskraftig industri. För att uppnĂ„ bĂ„da delarna föresprĂ„kas det att företag energieffektiviserar och minskar sin energianvĂ€ndning. Trots att energieffektivisering ofta Ă€r kostnadseffektivt existerar det Ă€ndĂ„ ett energieffektiviseringsgap dĂ€r kostnadseffektiva Ă„tgĂ€rder inte implementeras av olika anledningar. EnerginĂ€tverk kan dĂ„ vara ett potentiellt arbetssĂ€tt som medför energieffektivisering och bidrar till företagsutveckling. I EU och Sverige ges redan finansiellt stöd som kan medföra att energinĂ€tverk bildas för sĂ„vĂ€l smĂ„ och medelstora företag som för stora företag. Det existerar otaliga projektvarianter pĂ„ energinĂ€tverk med olika uppbyggnad och utförande. Kunskapen om dessa nĂ€tverk inriktade mot energieffektivisering och energianvĂ€ndning Ă€r begrĂ€nsad. Arbetets syfte Ă€r dĂ€rför att kartlĂ€gga svenska energinĂ€tverk för att kunna avgöra om de fungerar vĂ€l genom att utvĂ€rdera dem frĂ„n ett samhĂ€llsperspektiv. För att identifiera energinĂ€tverk skedde insamling av dokument och intervjuer dĂ€r slumpmĂ€ssiga val tillĂ€ts i form av snöbollsmetoden. En bakomliggande förstudie har ocksĂ„ genomförts dĂ€r 8 energinĂ€tverk identifierats, vilka integrerats som en del i arbetets kartlĂ€ggning. Sammantaget resulterade det i att identifiera 35 nĂ€tverksprojekt som kan bestĂ„ av enstaka nĂ€tverk, flera nĂ€tverk eller utgöra etapper för ett enskilt nĂ€tverk. De identifierade energinĂ€tverken Ă€r indelade efter större nĂ€tverk samt övriga nĂ€tverk som delats in i fyra generella nĂ€tverksformer: kluster, industridistrikt, regionala strategiska nĂ€tverk och strategiska nĂ€tverk samt alternativa nĂ€tverksformer för nĂ€tverk som inte kunde placeras in. En utvĂ€rdering har utförts med hjĂ€lp av programteori pĂ„ det bakomliggande styrmedlet âAnsökan om stöd till informations-, utbildnings- och samverkansprojekt 2013-2014â dĂ€r det framkom att stödet tillĂ„ter en rad olika energinĂ€tverk och kan egentligen inte ses som sĂ€rskilt styrande nĂ€r det gĂ€ller utformning och genomförande av ett energinĂ€tverk. Vidare rekommenderas det att en separering görs för samverkansprojekt i form av energinĂ€tverk dĂ„ det kan medföra mer riktade och konkreta energinĂ€tverk med tydligare mĂ„l och uppföljning. Detta tillĂ„ter fortfarande en variation pĂ„ nĂ€tverkens uppbyggnad. EnerginĂ€tverk med ett effektivt informations- och kunskapsutbyte har potentialen att medföra en innovativ företagsutveckling. EnerginĂ€tverk utan en offentlig finansiering verkar inte initieras i Sverige. Avsiktsförklaringar eller avtal i de strategiska nĂ€tverken tros leda till att konkreta resultat har redovisats för nĂ€tverksprojekten i större grad Ă€n för de regionala strategiska nĂ€tverken. För de större energinĂ€tverken rekommenderas en fortsatt branschinriktning eftersom deras energianvĂ€ndning Ă€r mer komplicerad att kartlĂ€gga. De övriga energinĂ€tverken bör istĂ€llet prioritera intresserade deltagare som har möjlighet att trĂ€ffas och sedan branschanpassa om möjligt. Detta dĂ„ flera nĂ€tverksprojekt har vittnat om problem med nĂ€tverksbildandet som gĂ„r ut över projektets genomförande. Vidare framstĂ„r skapandet av effektiva energinĂ€tverk som en mognadsprocess dĂ€r flera bakomliggande projekt kan vara en anledning till ett kartlagt nĂ€tverksprojekt. Slutligen behövs det forskning pĂ„ hur deltagande företag ser pĂ„ energinĂ€tverk som ett stödjande och utvecklande styrmedel.The industrial energy use causes carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. Simultaneously within EU and Sweden a competitive industry is pursued. In the aim to achieve both aspects energy efficiency and a reduced energy use is advocated for companies. Although energy efficiency often is cost-effective there exists an energy efficiency gap where cost-effective measures remain unimplemented for different reasons. Energy efficiency networks can in this case be a potential approach for increasing the degree of implementation, resulting in energy efficiency and company development. Financial support is already given from EU and Sweden that could lead to energy efficiency networks, for both small and medium-sized enterprises as well as for large enterprises. There exist numerous projects variations in energy efficiency networks with different structures and designs. The knowledge of these networks aimed towards energy efficiency and energy use is very limited. The aim of this work is therefore to identify Swedish energy efficiency networks in order to determine whether they work well by evaluating them from a public perspective. To identify energy efficiency networks documents where collected and interviews were held in which random selection was allowed in the form of snowball method. An underlying study has previously been carried out in which a number of networks was identified, which are integrated as a part of the work identification. Overall, this resulted in the identification of 35 different networks projects, which may consist of a single network, multiple networks or stages of a single network. The identified energy networks are divided by larger networks and other networks that have been split into four general networks forms cluster, industrial districts, regional strategic networks and strategic networks as well as alternative network forms for the networks that could not be associated. An evaluation has been performed on the underlying policy instrument âApplication for financial support to information, education and collaborative projects 2013-2014â which stated that the support allows a wide range of energy efficiency networks and cannot be seen as a particular ruling in the design and implementation of an energy efficiency network. Furthermore it is recommended that a separation is made for collaborative projects in the form of energy efficiency networks in the support system since it would likely lead to more target and specific energy efficiency networks with clearer objectives and follow up. This would still allow a very large variety of network constructions. Energy efficiency networks with an efficient information and knowledge sharing has the potential to make enterprises more innovative. However, energy efficiency networks without an initial public financing does not seem to be initialized spontaneously in Sweden. Letters of intent or agreements in the strategic networks are believed to lead into reports with concrete results unlike for the regional strategic networks with no agreements. For the larger energy efficiency networks there is a point with being branch-specific because their energy use is more complex to audit. The other energy efficiency networks should instead find interested participants primarily. In combination with this, the participants should have the opportunity to meet and later on branch adapt if possible. This is because several network projects have stated problems with network formation that affects the projects. Furthermore, it appears that the creation of an efficient energy efficiency network sometimes is a maturation process in which several underlying projects can be a reason for an identified network project. Finally, we need further research on how the participating enterprises see energy efficiency networks as a supporting and developmental instrument
A Response to Professor Goldberg: An Anticompetitive Restraint by Any Other Name...
In ignoring the facts of the Three Tenors case and the transactions costs of legal rulemaking, Professor Goldberg would unnecessarily complicate antitrust law to the detriment of consumers. Contrary to his assertions, the FTCâs opinion does not favor ownership over contract. The parties could have chosen to coordinate Three Tenors products and promote a âbrand,â but their contract explicitly provided otherwise. For a small class of cases â in which the parties restrain basic forms of competition such as price or advertising without a claim of consumer benefit â antitrust law avoids the costs of finding market power. In any event, the facts of the Three Tenors case provide a natural experiment revealing that the agreement the Commission proscribed in fact harmed consumers
âDo-Not-Call-Listâ Testimony: Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
As you know, the Commission adopted the Registry as one of the amendments to the Telemarketing Sales Rule (TSR) announced December 18, 2003, and formally promulgated in the Federal Register on January 29, 2003. On March 11, 2003, President Bush signed into law the Do Not Call Implementation Act (DNCIA), which provides for the FTC to collect fees from sellers and telemarketers to fund the establishment and maintenance of the National Do Not Call Registry. Congress enacted this legislation, and provided complementary appropriations, to support the FTCâs decision to establish such a Registry (conditioned on funding) as part of its amendment of the TSR. The DNCIA also set a short deadline for the FCC to nish a rulemaking proceeding, already in progress, reviewing that agencyâs telemarketing regulations (originally promulgated in 1992) pursuant to the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), and required the FCC to maximize consistency with the FTCâs Do Not Call rules. Accordingly, the FCC announced its adoption of complementary do not call regulations on June 27, 2003, and formally promulgated them in the Federal Register on July 25, 2003
âDo-Not-Call Listâ Testimony: Before the House Committee on Energy and Commerce
Mr. Chairman, I am Timothy J. Muris, Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission.1 I am pleased to appear today, on behalf of the Commission, to provide the Committee with information about our recently-announced amendments to the Telemarketing Sales Rule (âTSRâ or âRuleâ). In particular, you have asked about our request for authority to collect fees to offset the costs of implementing the âdo-not-callâ amendments to the TSR. Our testimony provides an overview of the TSR amendment process, discussion of the do-not-call provisions, and an examination of the funding request. The do-not-call registry is an important aspect of the Commissionâs ongoing efforts to protect consumersâ privacy, and we look forward to working with this Committee to ensure its implementation in scal year 2003
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