Cost goals

Cost goal activities for the point focusing parabolic dish program are reported. Cost goals involve three tasks: (1) determination of the value of the dish systems to potential users; (2) the cost targets of the dish system are set out; (3) the value side and cost side are integrated to provide information concerning the potential size of the market for parabolic dishes. The latter two activities are emphasized

Larval Host Plants of \u3ci\u3eEnodia anthedon\u3c/i\u3e, \u3ci\u3eSatyrodes appalachia\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eS. eurydice\u3c/i\u3e in Vermont, USA

Field observation and captive rearing was used to clarify larval host plant use in Enodia anthedon, Satyrodes appalachia, and S. eurydice in Vermont, USA. In nature S. appalachia larvae were found on Carex lacustris, C. lupulina, C. gracillima, and C. tuckermanii. Enodia anthedon in nature was found to oviposit on grass and on Carex lacustris. Larvae of E. anthedon were found on C. lacustris and C. lupulina. In captivity, all but two E. anthedon larvae chose Carex over grass. Both E. appalachia and E. anthedon larvae thrived on a diet of C. lacustris and C. lupulina in captivity. Early instar captive larvae refused C. sparganioides but late instar captive larvae accepted said plant. Grass may be an acceptable alternate host for Vermont S. eurydice. Miscellaneous observations on early instars are reported

Resource targets for advanced underground coal extraction systems

Resource targets appropriate for federal sponsorship of research and development of advanced underground coal mining systems are identified. A comprehensive examination of conventional and unconventional coals with particular attention to exceptionally thin and thick seams, steeply dipping beds, and multiple seam geometry was made. The results indicate that the resource of primary importance is flat lying bituminous coal of moderate thickness, under moderate cover, and located within the lower 48 states. Resources of secondary importance are the flat lying multiple seams and thin seams (especially those in Appalachia). Steeply dipping coals, abandoned pillars, and exceptionally thick western coals may be important in some regions of subregions, but the limited tonnage available places them in a position of tertiary importance

Turning Water into Power: Debates over the Development of Tanzania’s Rufiji River Basin, 1945–1985

This historical analysis examines the forces that shaped the collection and use of geographical data in Tanzania’s Rufiji Basin. Hoping to develop irrigated agriculture, colonial engineers surveyed the basin’s social and environmental landscapes and weighed the costs of damming. Following World War II, international experts interested in hydropower development conducted more geographical studies. While their studies offered limited information on stream flow, political and economic pressures led to their acceptance over those of colonial engineers. By illustrating how international institutions select what is accepted as knowledge and how such knowledge is used, the case highlights the politics of hydropower development in Africa. Based on archival work and fieldwork conducted in Tanzania and Sweden, this article argues that the shifting of the setting of knowledge construction from the basin to distant planning offices did not lead to projects based on better scientific knowledge, but set the stage for Tanzania’s current electricity problems

Attainability and Nonattainability Under Anti-Pollution Laws

The central issue with which this paper deals is the effectiveness of alternative air pollution control standards presently in use in the United States. More specifically, an analysis and comparison of effluent air standards versus ambient air standards will be performed. The question of effectiveness will be in the context of how well the alternative pollution control measures achieve society\u27s expectations as goals when the standards are imposed. Society\u27s views are assumed to be reflected through a regional (state) planner. The analysis is performed through the use of optimal control techniques. Initially the effluent air standards model will be examined. Next, the ambient air standard model will be analyzed. Finally, a summary and conclusion section will be presented. In general the results suggest that there is a possibility that the optimal path may explode or fall toward zero. In some cases, finite amounts of pollution may occur as equilibria. In any case, the imposition of either type of pollution constraint will effectively reduce the level of social pollution and in some cases the pollution will naturally fall to zero under the constraint. It is also suggested that selective antipollution laws will not, in general, aid in attempts to clean the air

Water History and the Modern

Water Resource

Aiming High: Foundation Support for State Advocates Brings Universal Children’s Health Coverage Within Reach

To help close the children’s health insurance coverage gap in the United States, in 2011 the Atlantic Philanthropies created the Kids- Well Campaign. KidsWell’s theory of change posits that if advocates could leverage new funding and coverage opportunities created by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, they could expand the number of children with health insurance coverage. This article presents the major results of the KidsWell evaluation, which found substantial progress in achieving KidsWell interim policy changes and coverage outcomes. But advocates still have a full agenda, which means grantees and funders need to redouble efforts to educate the larger field about the type of advocacy that can legally be supported by funders, the gains in children’s coverage achieved in part with such support, and what remains at stake for children’s coverage. While other funders may not be able to make investments comparable to Atlantic’s, advocacy networks and capacities have already been built and valuable knowledge has been gained through the KidsWell effort. Funders could target future investment to states and activities needing a short-term boost to exploit windows of political opportunity or to fight threats to children’s coverage. Such support is still needed to continue momentum toward universal health insurance coverage for all children

Realisierte Stichproben bei Panels: eine vergleichende Analyse

In der Arbeit werden drei vom ZUMA betreute Panel-Untersuchungen verglichen. Ziel ist die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die häufig beobachteten Ausfälle bei den verschiedenen Wellen einer Panel-Befragung eine gemeinsame Klasse bilden, d.h. ob sich gemeinsame demographische Faktoren bei den Ausfällen nachweisen lassen. Entsprechende Informationen können dazu dienen, a) die Verzerrungen der nachfolgenden Wellen mit der Ausgangs-Stichprobe abzuschätzen und b) von vorneherein die Ausschöpfung jener Gruppen systematisch zu verbessern, bei denen Ausfälle überrepräsentiert sind. (AR