44 research outputs found
Exchange interaction and its tuning in magnetic binary chalcogenides
Using a first-principles Green's function approach we study magnetic
properties of the magnetic binary chalcogenides Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3. The
magnetic coupling between transition-metal impurities is long-range, extends
beyond a quintuple layer, and decreases with increasing number of d electrons
per 3d atom. We find two main mechanisms for the magnetic interaction in these
materials: the indirect exchange interaction mediated by free carriers and the
indirect interaction between magnetic moments via chalcogen atoms. The
calculated Curie temperatures of these systems are in good agreement with
available experimental data. Our results provide deep insight into magnetic
interactions in magnetic binary chalcogenides and open a way to design new
materials for promising applications
Monolithic focused reference beam x-ray holography
Fourier transform holography is a highly efficient and robust imaging method, suitable for single-shot imaging at coherent X-ray sources. In its common implementation, the image contrast is limited by the reference signal generated by a small pinhole aperture. Increased pinhole diameters improve the signal, whereas the resolution is diminished. Here we report a new concept to decouple the spatial resolution from the image contrast by employing a Fresnel zone plate to provide the reference beam. Superimposed on-axis images of distinct foci are separated with a novel algorithm. Our method is insensitive to mechanical drift or vibrations and allows for long integration times common at low-flux facilities like high harmonic generation sources. The application of monolithic focused reference beams improves the efficiency of high-resolution X-ray Fourier transform holography beyond all present approaches and paves the path towards sub-10 nm single-shot X-ray imaging
Irreversible transformation of ferromagnetic ordered stripe domains in single-shot IR pump - resonant X-ray scattering probe experiments
The evolution of a magnetic domain structure upon excitation by an intense,
femtosecond Infra-Red (IR) laser pulse has been investigated using single-shot
based time-resolved resonant X-ray scattering at the X-ray Free Electron laser
LCLS. A well-ordered stripe domain pattern as present in a thin CoPd alloy film
has been used as prototype magnetic domain structure for this study. The
fluence of the IR laser pump pulse was sufficient to lead to an almost complete
quenching of the magnetization within the ultrafast demagnetization process
taking place within the first few hundreds of femtoseconds following the IR
laser pump pulse excitation. On longer time scales this excitation gave rise to
subsequent irreversible transformations of the magnetic domain structure. Under
our specific experimental conditions, it took about 2 nanoseconds before the
magnetization started to recover. After about 5 nanoseconds the previously
ordered stripe domain structure had evolved into a disordered labyrinth domain
structure. Surprisingly, we observe after about 7 nanoseconds the occurrence of
a partially ordered stripe domain structure reoriented into a novel direction.
It is this domain structure in which the sample's magnetization stabilizes as
revealed by scattering patterns recorded long after the initial pump-probe
cycle. Using micro-magnetic simulations we can explain this observation based
on changes of the magnetic anisotropy going along with heat dissipation in the
film.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure
Field-free deterministic ultra fast creation of skyrmions by spin orbit torques
Magnetic skyrmions are currently the most promising option to realize
current-driven magnetic shift registers. A variety of concepts to create
skyrmions were proposed and demonstrated. However, none of the reported
experiments show controlled creation of single skyrmions using integrated
designs. Here, we demonstrate that skyrmions can be generated deterministically
on subnanosecond timescales in magnetic racetracks at artificial or natural
defects using spin orbit torque (SOT) pulses. The mechanism is largely similar
to SOT-induced switching of uniformly magnetized elements, but due to the
effect of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), external fields are not
required. Our observations provide a simple and reliable means for skyrmion
writing that can be readily integrated into racetrack devices
Dynamics and inertia of skyrmionic spin structures
Skyrmions are topologically protected winding vector fields characterized by a spherical topology. Magnetic skyrmions can arise as the result of the interplay of various interactions, including exchange, dipolar and anisotropy energy in the case of magnetic bubbles and an additional Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in the case of chiral skyrmions. Whereas the static and low-frequency dynamics of skyrmions are already well under control, their gigahertz dynamical behaviour has not been directly observed in real space. Here, we image the gigahertz gyrotropic eigenmode dynamics of a single magnetic bubble and use its trajectory to experimentally confirm its skyrmion topology. The particular trajectory points to the presence of strong inertia, with a mass much larger than predicted by existing theories. This mass is endowed by the topological confinement of the skyrmion and the energy associated with its size change. It is thereby expected to be found in all skyrmionic structures in magnetic systems and beyond. Our experiments demonstrate that the mass term plays a key role in describing skyrmion dynamics.
Soft x ray tomoholography
We demonstrate an x ray imaging method that combines Fourier transform holography with tomography tomoholography for threedimensional 3D microscopic imaging. A 3D image of a diatom shell with a spatial resolution of 140 nm is presented. The experiment is realized by using a small gold sphere as the reference wave source for holographic imaging. This setup allows us to rotate the sample and to collect a number of 2D projections for tomograph
Magnetic states in low-pinning high-anisotropy material nanostructures suitable for dynamic imaging
Method for Single Shot Coherent Diffractive Imaging of Magnetic Domains
In preparation for real space studies of magnetic domains in a pump probe setup at free electron laser sources, it is necessary to develop an imaging method compatible with the linearly polarized radiation available at these sources. We present results from a prototype experiment performed at the synchrotron source BESSY II, using a modification of existing phase retrieval techniques. Our results show that it is possible to image magnetic domains in real space using linear polarized light, and we introduce the concept of a reliability map of our reconstructions using Gabor transform
Extracting depth information of 3 dimensional structures from a single view X ray Fourier transform hologram
We demonstrate how information about the three dimensional structure of an object can be extracted from a single Fourier transform X ray hologram. In contrast to lens based 3D imaging approaches that provide depth information of a specimen utilizing several images from different angles or via adjusting the focus to different depths, our method capitalizes on the use of the holographically encoded phase and amplitude information of the object amp; x2019;s wavefield. It enables single shot measurements of 3D objects at coherent X ray sources. As the ratio of longitudinal resolution over transverse resolution scales proportional to the diameter of the reference beam aperture over the X ray wavelength, we expect the approach to be particularly useful in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X ray regim