2,016 research outputs found
Acquisition of Demonstratives in English and Spanish
The present work re-evaluates the long-standing claim that demonstratives are among infantsâ earliest and most common words. Although demonstratives are deictic words important for joint attention, deictic gestures and non-word vocalizations could serve this function in early language development; the role of demonstratives may have been overestimated. Using extensive data from the CHILDES corpora (Study 1, N = 66, 265 transcripts) and McArthur-Bates CDI database (Study 2, N = 950), the language production of 18- to 24-month-old Spanish- and English-speaking children was analyzed to determine the age and order of acquisition, and frequency of demonstratives. Results indicate that demonstratives do not typically appear before the 50th word and only become frequent from the two-word utterance stage. Corpus data show few differences between Spanish and English, whereas parental report data suggest much later acquisition for demonstratives in English. These findings expand our knowledge of the foundations of deictic communication, and of the methodological challenges of assessing early production of function words
High-pT Signatures in Vector-Leptoquark Models
We present a detailed analysis of the collider signatures of TeV-scale
massive vector bosons motivated by the hints of lepton flavour non-universality
observed in -meson decays. We analyse three representations that necessarily
appear together in a large class of ultraviolet-complete models: a
colour-singlet (), a colour-triplet (the leptoquark), and a colour
octet (). Under general assumptions for the interactions of these exotic
states with Standard Model fields, including in particular possible
right-handed and flavour off-diagonal couplings for the , we derive a
series of stringent bounds on masses and couplings that constrain a wide range
of explicit new-physics models.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures. v2: Minor modifications and references added.
v3: Matching the journal version. The Feynrules and UFO files used for this
work can be found at https://feynrules.irmp.ucl.ac.be/wiki/LeptoQuar
The Anisotropic Spatial Distribution of Hypervelocity Stars
We study the distribution of angular positions and angular separations of
unbound hypervelocity stars (HVSs). HVSs are spatially anisotropic at the
3-sigma level. The spatial anisotropy is significant in Galactic longitude, not
in latitude, and the inclusion of lower velocity, possibly bound HVSs reduces
the significance of the anisotropy. We discuss how the observed distribution of
HVSs may be linked to their origin. In the future, measuring the distribution
of HVSs in the southern sky will provide additional constraints on the spatial
anisotropy and the origin of HVSs.Comment: 4 pages, accepted to ApJ Letter
The TAOS Project: Upper Bounds on the Population of Small KBOs and Tests of Models of Formation and Evolution of the Outer Solar System
We have analyzed the first 3.75 years of data from TAOS, the Taiwanese
American Occultation Survey. TAOS monitors bright stars to search for
occultations by Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). This dataset comprises 5e5
star-hours of multi-telescope photometric data taken at 4 or 5 Hz. No events
consistent with KBO occultations were found in this dataset. We compute the
number of events expected for the Kuiper Belt formation and evolution models of
Pan & Sari (2005), Kenyon & Bromley (2004), Benavidez & Campo Bagatin (2009),
and Fraser (2009). A comparison with the upper limits we derive from our data
constrains the parameter space of these models. This is the first detailed
comparison of models of the KBO size distribution with data from an occultation
survey. Our results suggest that the KBO population is comprised of objects
with low internal strength and that planetary migration played a role in the
shaping of the size distribution.Comment: 18 pages, 16 figures, Aj submitte
A Spectral Diagnostic for Density-Bounded HII Regions
The existence of density-bounded HII regions in spiral galaxies is supported
by means of a spectral indicator based on the intensity of the [OI]6300A
forbidden line. A grid of photoionization models providing spectral information
of density-bounded nebulae is presented in order to test the validity of our
indicator. The indicator is applicable to typical observed HII regions with
solar or higher metallicities, and for the range of ages observed in normal HII
regions. When applying the diagnostic to a large sample of HII regions of
spiral galaxies taken from the literature, we find that a fraction of the
selected HII regions with emission detected in the [OI]6300A line turn out to
be consistent with the predictions of density-bounded photoionization models.
Preliminary estimates of the fraction of Lyman continuum photons escaping
ranges from 20% to 40%. The number of density-bounded HII regions could be even
larger after confirmation of those regions for which the [OI] line was not
detected, provided they are good density-bounded candidates. We stress the
importance of having combined information on both good measurements or reliable
upper limits for the intensity of this line, and good determinations of the
Halpha luminosity for complete samples of HII regions in galaxies in order to
make proper estimations as to whether UV photons escaping from HII regions are
the main source of ionization of the diffuse ionized medium in galaxies.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX, accepted for publication in M.N.R.A.
Interactions Between the Amazonian Rainforest and Cumuli Clouds: A LargeâEddy Simulation, HighâResolution ECMWF, and Observational Intercomparison Study
The explicit coupling at meter and second scales of vegetation's responses to the atmosphericâboundary layer dynamics drives a dynamic heterogeneity that influences canopyâtop fluxes and cloud formation. Focusing on a representative day during the Amazonian dry season, we investigate the diurnal cycle of energy, moisture and carbon dioxide at the canopy top, and the transition from clear to cloudy conditions. To this end, we compare results from a largeâeddy simulation technique, a highâresolution global weather model, and a complete observational data set collected during the GoAmazon14/15 campaign. The overall modelâobservation comparisons of radiation and canopyâtop fluxes, turbulence, and cloud dynamics are very satisfactory, with all the modeled variables lying within the standard deviation of the monthly aggregated observations. Our analysis indicates that the timing of the change in the daylight carbon exchange, from a sink to a source, remains uncertain and is probably related to the stomata closure caused by the increase in vapor pressure deficit during the afternoon. We demonstrate quantitatively that heat and moisture transport from the subcloud layer into the cloud layer are misrepresented by the global model, yielding low values of specific humidity and thermal instability above the cloud base. Finally, the numerical simulations and observational data are adequate settings for benchmarking more comprehensive studies of plant responses, microphysics, and radiation
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