Fishery methods and fish diversity in the Kilombero River in south-eastern Tanzania

Assessment of common fishery methods and of fish diversity was undertaken in two fishing camps on the Kilombero River in south-eastern Tanzania in surveys towards the end of the dry season, 1994. Fishermen identified 23 different types of fish that they caught on a regular basis. Only 19 species of fish, belonging to 17 genera and 11 families were, however, identified according to Linnean taxonomy. Hooks, nets, traps and spears were used to catch fish. Fish were either sold fresh. or preserved for storage and long-distance tranport by smoking or frying. based un frequency distributions of the numbers of fish landed over a 4 day period at one of the camps, a Shannon-diversity index of 1.95 was calculted. The fork (or total) length of 480 fish and the weight of 413 fish were measured and length frequency distributions as well as length-weight relationships determined for the six most common species. It is concluded that local fishing methods applied in the Kilombero River allow for sustainable fish production

Polymerase Chain Reaction Used To Describe Larval Habitat Use by Anopheles gambiae Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Environs of Ifakara, Tanzania

Larvae of the Anopheles gambiae complex were collected in and around the town of Ifakara, southern Tanzania during the wet season of 1994 and identified to species by polymerase chain reaction. All but 1 surface pool contained mixed populations of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis larvae. The 2 species varied among locations rather than types of water. An. arabiensis predominated in pools close to cattle. The numbers of identified early instars of both species were similar, but more An. gambiae 4th instars were identified, perhaps indicating that An. gambiae were able to survive heavy rainfall better than A. arabiensi

Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission

The effects of sex, age of the human host, patency of asexual and sexual stages and seasonality on infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes were investigated in a rural village in southern Tanzania between 1992 and 1994. Villagers from randomized subgroups of households were surveyed for malaria parasites. Gametocyte and trophozoite prevalences were age dependent and fluctuated without any clear pattern of seasonality. A sample of 107 participants, selected to include an excess of gametocyte carriers, slept under bednets with holes cut into the sides for 3 weeks. A total of 3837 Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 5403 A. funestus recovered from these bednets, was examined for all oocysts 5-7 days after feeding or for oocysts less than 17·5 µn in diameter 2-3 days after feeding. Additional blood slides from participants were taken twice weekly. The 5-7 day oocyst rates were 12·1% in A. gambiae s.l. and 10·9% in A. funestus and 2-3 day rates were 3·6 and 4·9%, respectively. The higher rates using the former method were attributed to previous infection. There were strong correlations in the levels of infection in both vectors when they fed on the same hosts. However, patent gametocytaemia was only weakly associated with the development of oocysts in the mosquito. Infectiousness was not related to host age, sex, or the seaso

Observações sobre o comportamento de acasalamento de Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera-Culicitlae)

An investigation was conducted into the mating behaviour of strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say from the Gambia, West Africa and Amazonas, Brazil. Using an infra-red sensitive television system for observation in the "dark"; experiments showed that males are attracted to the flight tone of the female and do not appear to discriminate between members of their own and other genera. The response of males to artificial female flight tones is at a peak in the hour following light off in an LD12:12 regime and shows a circadian pattern in constant dark. In the field mating was observed when the males were actively swarming at dusk and dawn. It is concluded that mating is dependant on male activity but that the choice of a species specific partner is dependant on the female.Um estudo foi conduzido sobre o comportamento de acasalamento de linhagens de Culex quinquefasciatus Say do Gâmbia, África Ocidental e Amazonas. Brasil. Usando um sistema de televisão sensível ao infravermelho para observação no "escuro", os experimentos mostraram que os machos são atraídos pela emissão de som no vôo da fêmea e pareceram não distinguir entre membros de suas espécies e de outros gêneros. A resposta dos machos à emissão de som artificial de vôo da fêmea tem um pico em L.D. 12:12 na hora seguinte à interrupção da luz no laboratório e apresenta um padrão circadiano em escuro constante. No campo, o acasalamento foi observado quando os machos estavam em enxame voando ativamente. A conclusão obtida é de que o acasalamento depende da atividade do macho, mas que a escolha do padrão específico da espécie depende da fêmea

Estudos sobre a biologia e hábitos alimentares de Culex quinquefasciatus Say de Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

A study was made of Culex quinquefasciatus Say a potential vector of urban filariasis in Manaus Amazonas. Catches were made of the biting and resting populations. The stages of ovarian development and parity were determined by examination of the external appearence of the abdomen and dissection for ovariole dilations. Most females appeared to rest after oviposition before returning to feed. Biting took place inside houses with peaks at dusk and around midnight. Daily mortality was similar to that In areas where transmission of filariasis occurs. Resting trap catches indicated that there was little fluctuation in numbers throughought the year and analysis of 274 blood meals demonstrated that man was the preferred host.Estudo sobre Culex quinquefasciatus Say, um vetor potencial da filariose urbana em Manaus, Amazonas. Foram realizadas coletas de populações no ato de picar e em repouso. Os estágios de desenvolvimento ovariano e paridade foram determinados pelo exame do aspecto externo do abdome e a dissecção para dilatações de ovaríolos. A maioria das fêmeas parece repousar após a ovoposição antes de voltar a alimentar-se. O ato de picar ocorria dentro das casas, com picos ao entardecer e por volta da meia-noite. A mortalidade diária era semelhante à das áreas em que ocorre a transmissão de filariose. Coletas com armadilhas, dos individuos em repouso, indicaram que ocorrem pequenas flutuações em números durante o ano, e a análise de 274 refeições de sangue demonstrou que o homem era o hospedeiro preferido

An Estimation of the Entomological Inoculation Rate for Ifakara: A Semi-Urban Area in a Region of Intense Malaria Transmission in Tanzania.

An entomological study on vectors of malaria and their relative contribution to Plasmodium falciparum transmission in the semi-urban area of Ifakara, south-eastern Tanzania, was conducted. A total of 32 houses were randomly sampled from the area and light trap catches (LTC) performed in one room in each house every 2 weeks for 1 year. A total of 147 448 mosquitoes were caught from 789 LTC; 26 134 Anopheles gambiae s.l., 615 A. funestus, 718 other anophelines and 119 981 culicines. More than 60% of the total A. gambiae s.l. were found in five (0.6%) LTCs, with a maximum of 5889 caught in a single trap. Of 505 A. gambiae s.l. speciated by polymerase chain reaction, 91.5% were found to be A. arabiensis. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests were performed on 10 108 anopheles mosquitoes and 39 (0.38%) were positive. Entomological inoculation rate (EIR) estimates were generated using a standard method and an alternative method that allows the calculation of confidence intervals based on a negative binomial distribution of sporozoite positive mosquitoes. Overall EIR estimates were similar; 31 vs. 29 [95% confidence interval (CI): 19, 44] infectious bites per annum, respectively. The EIR ranged from 4 (95% CI: 1, 17) in the cool season to 108 (95% CI: 69, 170) in the wet season and from 54 (95% CI: 30, 97) in the east of the town to 15 (95% CI: 8, 30) in the town centre. These estimates show large variations over short distances in time and space. They are all markedly lower than those reported from nearby rural areas and for other parts of Tanzania

Gene flow and cross-mating in Plasmodium falciparum in households in a Tanzanian village

The diversity of the genes encoding 2 merozoite surface proteins (MSP-1 and MSP-2) of Plasmodium falciparum has been examined in parasites infecting members of 4 households in a village in Tanzania. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to characterize allelic variants of these genes by the sizes and sequences of regions of tandemly repeated bases in each gene. In each household extensive polymorphism was detected among parasites in the inhabitants and in infected mosquitoes caught in their houses. Similar frequencies of the alleles of these genes were observed in all households. Capture-recapture data indicated that both Anopheles gambiae and A.funestus freely dispersed among households in the hamlet. The results confirm that cross-mating and gene flow occur extensively among the parasites, and are discussed within the context of spatial clustering of natural populations of P. falciparu

Artemisinin-based combination therapy does not measurably reduce human infectiousness to vectors in a setting of intense malaria transmission

<p>Background: Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for treating malaria has activity against immature gametocytes. In theory, this property may complement the effect of terminating otherwise lengthy malaria infections and reducing the parasite reservoir in the human population that can infect vector mosquitoes. However, this has never been verified at a population level in a setting with intense transmission, where chronically infectious asymptomatic carriers are common and cured patients are rapidly and repeatedly re-infected.</p> <p>Methods: From 2001 to 2004, malaria vector densities were monitored using light traps in three Tanzanian districts. Mosquitoes were dissected to determine parous and oocyst rates. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates were determined by ELISA. Sulphadoxinepyrimethamine(SP) monotherapy was used for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the contiguous districts of Kilombero and Ulanga throughout this period. In Rufiji district, the standard drug was changed to artesunate co-administered with SP (AS + SP) in March 2003. The effects of this change in case management on malaria parasite infection in the vectors were analysed.</p> <p>Results: Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates exceeded 300 infective bites per person per year at both sites over the whole period. The introduction of AS + SP in Rufiji was associated with increased oocyst prevalence (OR [95%CI] = 3.9 [2.9-5.3], p < 0.001), but had no consistent effect on sporozoite prevalence (OR [95%CI] = 0.9 [0.7-1.2], p = 0.5). The estimated infectiousness of the human population in Rufiji was very low prior to the change in drug policy. Emergence rates and parous rates of the vectors varied substantially throughout the study period, which affected estimates of infectiousness. The latter consequently cannot be explained by the change in drug policy.</p> <p>Conclusions: In high perennial transmission settings, only a small proportion of infections in humans are symptomatic or treated, so case management with ACT may have little impact on overall infectiousness of the human population. Variations in infection levels in vectors largely depend on the age distribution of the mosquito population. Benefits of ACT in suppressingtransmission are more likely to be evident where transmission is already low or effective vector control is widely implemented.</p&gt

Density independent feeding success of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania

The possibility of density dependent feeding success in the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae Giles (sensu lato) and A. funestus Giles was investigated by examining the gonotrophic status of mosquitoes from 423 collections made in a Tanzanian village. Up to 500 mosquitoes were caught in any single 35 minute indoor resting collection. Estimates of the total numbers of mosquitoes resting were made by removal sampling. These indicated that the efficiency of resting collections decreased with increasing mosquito population. Of 1904 mosquito blood meals tested by ELISA, 95% were of human origin. There was no decrease in the proportion of mosquitoes fully fed at high population densities and the only demonstrable avoiding action by hosts in response to high densities of mosquitoes was the increased use of bednets during the wet season. The late biting cycle of these mosquitoes precludes many other density-dependent host defence mechanisms because the hosts are asleep at the time of attack. African malaria vectors have evolved with man and perhaps their evasion of density-dependent host responses has reinforced their preference for human bloo

Atividade crepuscular de Chlorotabanus inanis (Fab.) e Cryptotylus unicolor (Wied.) (Diptera : Tabanidae)

Utilizing an adult horse for attraction of horse flies. Chlorotabanus inanis (Fab.) and Cryptotylus unicolor (Wied.) demonstrate flight activity for feeding only below 1,500 lux. During the day they present biphasic activityone in the morning between 5:20 and 5:50 a.m. and the other in the ofternoon between 5:45 and 6:20 p.m., coinciding with both the rising and setting of the sun