1,589 research outputs found
Noncommutative Common Cause Principles in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory
States in algebraic quantum field theory "typically" establish correlation
between spacelike separated events. Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle,
generalized to the quantum field theoretical setting, offers an apt tool to
causally account for these superluminal correlations. In the paper we motivate
first why commutativity between the common cause and the correlating events
should be abandoned in the definition of the common cause. Then we show that
the Noncommutative Weak Common Cause Principle holds in algebraic quantum field
theory with locally finite degrees of freedom. Namely, for any pair of
projections A, B supported in spacelike separated regions V_A and V_B,
respectively, there is a local projection C not necessarily commuting with A
and B such that C is supported within the union of the backward light cones of
V_A and V_B and the set {C, non-C} screens off the correlation between A and B
Evolution of particle-scale dynamics in an aging clay suspension
Multispeckle x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy was employed to
characterize the slow dynamics of a colloidal suspension formed by
highly-charged, nanometer-sized disks. At scattering wave vectors
corresponding to interparticle length scales, the dynamic structure factor
follows a form ], where
1.5. The characteristic relaxation time increases with the sample age
approximately as and decreases with
approximately as . Such a compressed exponential decay with
relaxation time that varies inversely with is consistent with recent models
that describe the dynamics in disordered elastic media in terms of strain from
random, local structural rearrangements. The amplitude of the measured decay in
varies with in a manner that implies caged particle motion at
short times. The decrease in the range of this motion and an increase in
suspension conductivity with increasing indicate a growth in the
interparticle repulsion as the mechanism for internal stress development
implied by the models.Comment: 4 pages, includes 4 postscript figures; accepted for publication in
Phys Rev Let
Power extraction by a water turbine in inviscid free surface flow with vertical shear
Hydro-kinetic, tidal stream, and ocean current energy turbines operate in flows subject to vertical shear, which has an influence on the turbines, especially ones located near the bed. The gravity applied on a fluid is proportional to its density, thus the static pressure induced by gravity is enhanced by the higher density of water than air. Turbines are expected to be placed in fast moving, shallow flows. Hence the Froude number may be relatively high and changes to the free surface are likely, leading to additional flow confinement. In order to investigate the combined effect of vertical shear and gravity on idealized turbines, an extension of linear momentum actuator disc theory (LMADT) is used to estimate the thrust and power extracted by an idealized turbine for two types of free surface inviscid flow. It is assumed that there is fast pressure recovery and that the core flow contains self-similar velocity profiles. Results from a parameter study in which the velocity profiles and turbine settings are varied show that idealized turbines operate at higher efficiency under the effect of gravity, but operate at either higher or lower efficiency under shear flow. The proposed model can also be used to investigate energy extracted by turbines in a periodically spaced array, enabling better evaluation of array efficiency
The motivating operation and negatively reinforced problem behavior. A systematic review.
The concept of motivational operations exerts an increasing influence on the understanding and assessment of problem behavior in people with intellectual and developmental disability. In this systematic review of 59 methodologically robust studies of the influence of motivational operations in negative reinforcement paradigms in this population, we identify themes related to situational and biological variables that have implications for assessment, intervention, and further research. There is now good evidence that motivational operations of differing origins influence negatively reinforced problem behavior, and that these might be subject to manipulation to facilitate favorable outcomes. There is also good evidence that some biological variables warrant consideration in assessment procedures as they predispose the person's behavior to be influenced by specific motivational operations. The implications for assessment and intervention are made explicit with reference to variables that are open to manipulation or that require further research and conceptualization within causal models
Probabilistic Weyl laws for quantized tori
For the Toeplitz quantization of complex-valued functions on a
-dimensional torus we prove that the expected number of eigenvalues of
small random perturbations of a quantized observable satisfies a natural Weyl
law. In numerical experiments the same Weyl law also holds for ``false''
eigenvalues created by pseudospectral effects.Comment: 33 pages, 3 figures, v2 corrected listed titl
A finite volume shock-capturing solver of the fully coupled shallow water-sediment equations
This paper describes a numerical solver of well-balanced, 2D depth-averaged shallow water-sediment
equations. The equations permit variable variable horizontal fluid density and are designed to model watersediment
flow over a mobile bed. A Godunov-type, HLLC finite volume scheme is used to solve the fully
coupled system of hyperbolic conservation laws which describe flow hydrodynamics, suspended sediment
transport, bedload transport and bed morphological change. Dependent variables are specially selected to
handle the presence of the variable density property in the mathematical formulation. The model is verified
against analytical and semi-analytical solutions for bedload transport and suspended sediment transport,
respectively. The well-balanced property of the equations is verified for a variable-density dam break flow
over discontinuous bathymetry. Simulations of an idealised dam-break flow over an erodible bed are in
excellent agreement with previously published results ([1]), validating the ability of the model to capture
the complex interaction between rapidly varying flow and an erodible bed and validating the eigenstructure
of the system of variable-density governing equations. Flow hydrodynamics and final bed topography of a
laboratory-based 2D partial dam breach over a mobile bed are satisfactorily reproduced by the numerical
model. Comparison of the final bed topographies, computed for two distinct sediment transport methods,
highlights the sensitivity of shallow water-sediment models to the choice of closure relationships
Short-Term Response of Shrubs, Graminoids, and Forbs to Mechanical Treatment in a Sagebrush Ecosystem in Colorado
Declines in Gunnison sage grouse populations are thought to be related to habitat loss, fragmentation, and human induced habitat changes. In an attempt to improve the quality of early brood rearing habitat the Bureau of Land Management, Gunnison Field Office in Gunnison Colorado implemented a series of mechanical treatments designed to reduce sagebrush canopy cover and increase cover of graminoids and forbs. Brush mowing and Dixie harrow were utilized in 2005 to treat 30 percent of six 14 ac sites. In 2006 and 2007 shrub canopy cover, graminoid cover, forb cover, heights, and species richness were assessed to determine the vegetative response to each treatment. Sagebrush canopy cover was reduced to approximately 15 percent by both treatments. Mowing appeared to have no effect on forb or non-sagebrush shrub canopy cover, however, graminoid cover increased slightly post-treatment. Sites treated with the Dixie harrow had increased non-sagebrush shrub canopy cover, graminoid cover, and forb cover in post treatment years as compared to pretreatment. Heights for graminoids and forbs did not differ pre and post treatment ( p \u3e 0.05) nor did species richness (p \u3e 0.05) for either treatment
Experimental study of dispersion and modulational instability of surface gravity waves on constant vorticity currents
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