Landscape decisions to meet net zero carbon: Pathways that consider ethics, socio-ecological diversity, and landscape functions

This is the final version. Available from the University of Leicester via the DOI in this record. Landscapes are an integral part of the net-zero challenge; not only are they carbon stores but they constitute the environments upon which humans develop their livelihoods, interact and shape their cultures. This report focuses on three key landscape types (agricultural, peatlands and forests), and the associated practices and impacts with particular relevance to the net zero carbon agenda. We have brought together perspectives from natural and social science, humanities, and the arts to understand and evaluate how modern landscapes can absorb the impact of potential zero-carbon policies.Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC)UKR

Advanced backcross-QTL analysis in spring barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) comparing a REML versus a Bayesian model in multi-environmental field trials

A common difficulty in mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is that QTL effects may show environment specificity and thus differ across environments. Furthermore, quantitative traits are likely to be influenced by multiple QTLs or genes having different effect sizes. There is currently a need for efficient mapping strategies to account for both multiple QTLs and marker-by-environment interactions. Thus, the objective of our study was to develop a Bayesian multi-locus multi-environmental method of QTL analysis. This strategy is compared to (1) Bayesian multi-locus mapping, where each environment is analysed separately, (2) Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) single-locus method using a mixed hierarchical model, and (3) REML forward selection applying a mixed hierarchical model. For this study, we used data on multi-environmental field trials of 301 BC2DH lines derived from a cross between the spring barley elite cultivar Scarlett and the wild donor ISR42-8 from Israel. The lines were genotyped by 98 SSR markers and measured for the agronomic traits “ears per m²,” “days until heading,” “plant height,” “thousand grain weight,” and “grain yield”. Additionally, a simulation study was performed to verify the QTL results obtained in the spring barley population. In general, the results of Bayesian QTL mapping are in accordance with REML methods. In this study, Bayesian multi-locus multi-environmental analysis is a valuable method that is particularly suitable if lines are cultivated in multi-environmental field trials

CAVITY RINGDOWN SPECTROSCOPY OF JET-COOLED TRANSIENT SPECIES

$^{a}$ Romanini D.; and Lehmann K.K., J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 9. 6287. $^{b}$ Scberer J.J.; and Rakestraw D.J., Chem. Phys. Lett., 1997, 265, 169 $^{c}$ Scherer J.J.; Paul J.B.; Collier C.P.; and Saykally R.J., J. Chem. Phys., 1995, 102. 5190. $^{d}$ Linnartz H.; Motylewski T.; and Maier J.P. J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 108, 3819.Author Institution: Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State UniversityThis talk will describe a cavity ringdown spectrometer (CRDS) developed for the study of jet-cooled transient species. To date CRDS has been used in a variety of applications, from the study of weak overtone transitions of stable $molecules^{a}$ to the in-situ study of transient species in $flames^{b}$. However, the majority of studies have been performed in either static or continous flow systems, yielding relatively high-temperature spectra. Use of CRDS with jet-cooled sources, so far, has been limited to a few species, e.g. metal-containing $clusters^{c}$, and carbon $radicals^{d}$. These jet experiments, which use electrical discharge and laser ablation sources, have been performed in the regime where the radical sample duration is on a similar, or longer, time scale to that of the ringdown decay. Sample duration for photochemically produced transient species in jets is generally much shorter, i.e. $1-3 \mu$s, than the best presently obtainable ringdown times ($>100 \mu$s); nevertheless the possibility of observing absorptions from a photochemical source of jet-cooled radicals would allow access to a number of species that might be denied to other production methods. To this end we have recorded the absorption spectrum of the $A^{2}E_{1/2} - X^{2}A_{1}$ electronic transition of the cadmium monomethyl radical $(CdCH_{3})$ from both an electrical discharge source (favorable time scale) and laser photolysis (mismatched time scale). We will show that even though the laser photolysis source is much shorter than the ringdown decay it is still possible to obtain good absorption spectra

FM SPECTROSCOPY OF THE WATER VAPOR AT 1.3μm1.3 {\mu}m

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Ohio State UniversityIn our laboratory we are particularly interested in developping sensitive spectroscopic techniques for the aim of study of reactive species. Moreover, the possibility of quantitative concentration of intermediates is a major key of understanding reactions mechanisms. For this purpose we set up a frequency-modulation absorption spectrometer based on a diode laser source working at $1.3 {\mu}m$. Our first results concern the water molecule whose some known transitions (polyad $2 \nu$) are used to qualify the apparatus in term of linear response, sensitivity and absolute concentration by thermally controlling the water vapor pressure

DISPERSED FLUORSCENCE SPECTROSCOPY OF SOME ALKOXY RADICALS IN A SUPERSONIC JET

Author Institution: Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State UniversityThe dispersed fluorescence spectra of the $\widetilde{B} - \widetilde{X}$ transition of some alkoxy radicals have been obtained in a supersonic jet environment. The alkoxy radicals were produced by tripled Nd: YAG (355 nm) photolysis of the corresponding alkyl nitrite structural isomers. Fluorescence in the near ultraviolet from levels of the $\widetilde{B}$ state of the alkoxy radical, in a specific conformation, has been dispersed by a monochromator with a resolution of 0.1 nm and recorded by an ICCD camera. Analysis of the spectra yield information about the vibronic structure of the ground state of the radical

DISPERSED FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA OF SIMPLE CARBENES

Acknowledgments: BCC thanks Dr. Kopin Liu (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) for help with the experiment and the National Science Council, Taiwan for its support of this work under Grant No. NSC88-2113-M-008-007.$^{a}$D. J. Clouthier and J. Karolczak, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 1 (1991). $^{b}$V. E. Bondybey. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 64, 180 (1977). $^{c}$K. Sendt and G. B. Bacskay. J. Chem. Phys. 112, 2227 (2000).Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, National Central University; Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State UniversityThe electronic excitation spectra of simple carbenes such as $CCl_{2}$, $HCCl$, and $HCBr$ were found to be complicated due to Renner-Teller effects, spin-orbit couplings, and Fermi $resonances.^{a}$ Information on the ground electronic state structure is crucial to unravel the interplay between these interactions, as well as being valuable in its own right. We have adopted the combination of a DC electrical discharge free jet source and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to record the dispersed fluorescence spectra of these simple carbenes. The dispersed fluorescence spectra of $CCl_{2}$ reveal the vibrational structure of the $\widetilde{X}$ state. Comparison with previous data from cryogenic matrix $work^{b}$ and recent theoretical $calculations^{c}$ will be discussed. Progress on the dispersed fluorescence experiments of other carbenes, such as $HCBr$ and $HCCl$, will also be presented

DISPERSED FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ALKOXY RADICALS

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Emory University; Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University; Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, E\""otv\""os University; Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University; Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State UniversityThe oxidation of hydrocarbons is among the most important of chemical processes. Alkoxy radicals (RO) are key intermediates in combustion and in the degradation of volatile organic compounds injected into our atmosphere. The reactions of these simplest oxygen-containing organic radicals affects the yield of ozone, air toxics, and organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Hence elucidation of their chemistry is important for obtaining a better understanding of combustion and the impact of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Dispersed fluorescence spectra of 1-propoxy, 1-butoxy, 2-propoxy and 2-butoxy radicals have been observed under supersonic jet cooling conditions by pumping different vibronic bands of the $\tilde{B} - \tilde{X}$ laser induced fluorescence excitation spectrum. The DF spectra were recorded for both conformers of 1-propoxy, three conformers of the possible five of 1-butoxy, two conformers of the possible three of 2-butoxy and the one possible conformer of 2-propoxy. Analysis of the spectra yield vibrational frequencies for the ground $\tilde{X}$ electronic state, and in some cases for the low-lying $\tilde{A}$ electronic state as well as the energy separation of their vibrationless levels. In all cases, the vibrational structure of the DF spectra is dominated by a C-O stretch progression yielding the $\nu_{CO}$ stretching frequency for the $\tilde{X}$ state and in some cases for the $\tilde{A}$ state. In addition to the experimental work, quantum chemical calculations were carried out for some conformers to aid the assignment of the vibrational levels of the $\tilde{X}$ state and the $\tilde{A}$ state. Geometry optimizations of the different conformers of the isomers and determination of their energy difference in their ground state were performed. The results of the calculation of the energy separations of the close-lying $\tilde{X}$ and $\tilde{A}$ states of the different conformations are compared with the experimental observations

JAHN-TELLER ANALYSIS OF THE VIBRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE X~2E1′′\tilde{X}^{2}E^{\prime\prime}_{1} STATE IN THE CYCLOPENTADIENYL RADICAL

$^{a}$Nelson H. H.: Pasternack L.: Mc Donald J.R. Chem. Phys. 1983, 74, 227. $^{b}$Applegate B.E.: Barekholtz T. A.: Miller T.A. to be publishedAuthor Institution: Dept. of Chemistry Laser Spectroscopy Facility, The Ohio State University; Dept. of Chemistry Laser Spectroscopy Facility, The Ohio State University, Dept. of Chemistry, Laser Spectroscopy Facility, 120 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210;; JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado BoulderWhile room temperature wavelength resolved emission spectra of the $\tilde{A}^{2}A^{\prime\prime}_{2}-\tilde{X}^{2}E^{\prime\prime}_{1}$ transition have existed for nearly 20 $years^{a}$, the vibrational assignment of these spectra has remained elusive. The major difficulty with the vibrational analysis is attributable to complications arising from the dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in the $\tilde{X}$ state. Newly obtained jet-cooled laser excited wavelength resolved fluorescence emmision spectra, in conjunction with $recent ^{b}$ calculations aimed at predicting the relevant Jahn-Teller constants have now made the complete analysis of the available spectral data possible. The transitions involving the Jahn-Teller active vibrations have been analyzed in terms of the three lowest energy harmonic vibrations of the appropriate symmetry($e^{\prime}_{2}$), assuming only linear Jahn-Teller interactions. Additional features of the spectrum may be described in terms of the fundamentals, overtones, and combination bands of the non-John-Teller active vibrations as well as combinations involving the Jahn-Teller active modes