Neighborhood models of minority opinion spreading

We study the effect of finite size population in Galam's model [Eur. Phys. J. B 25 (2002) 403] of minority opinion spreading and introduce neighborhood models that account for local spatial effects. For systems of different sizes N, the time to reach consensus is shown to scale as ln N in the original version, while the evolution is much slower in the new neighborhood models. The threshold value of the initial concentration of minority supporters for the defeat of the initial majority, which is independent of N in Galam's model, goes to zero with growing system size in the neighborhood models. This is a consequence of the existence of a critical size for the growth of a local domain of minority supporters

Downregulation of Fzd6 and Cthrc1 and upregulation of olfactory receptors and protocadherins by dietary beta-carotene in lungs of Bcmo1-/- mice.

An ongoing controversy exists on beneficial versus harmful effects of high beta-carotene (BC) intake, especially for the lung. To elucidate potential mechanisms, we studied effects of BC on lung gene expression. We used a beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 (Bcmo1) knockout mouse (Bcmo1-/-) model, unable to convert BC to retinoids, and wild-type mice (Bcmo1+/+) mice to dissect the effects of intact BC from effects of BC metabolites. As expected, BC supplementation resulted in a higher BC accumulation in lungs of Bcmo1-/- mice than in lungs of Bcmo1+/+ mice. Whole mouse genome transcriptome analysis on lung tissue revealed that more genes were regulated in Bcmo1-/- mice than Bcmo1+/+ mice upon BC supplementation. Frizzled homolog 6 (Fzd6) and collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1) were significantly downregulated (fold changes -2.99 and -2.60, respectively, false discovery rate <0.05) by BC in Bcmo1-/-. Moreover, many olfactory receptors and many members of the protocadherin family were upregulated. Since both olfactory receptors and protocadherins have an important function in sensory nerves and Fzd6 and Cthrc1 are important in stem cell development, we hypothesize that BC might have an effect on the highly innervated pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNEC) cluster. PNECs are highly associated with sensory nerves and are important cells in the control of stem cells. A role for BC in the innervated PNEC cluster might be of particular importance in smoke-induced carcinogenesis since PNEC-derived lung cancer is highly associated with tobacco smoke

Downregulation of Fzd6 and Cthrc1 and upregulation of olfactory receptors and protocadherins by dietary beta-carotene in lungs of Bcmo1-/- mice.

An ongoing controversy exists on beneficial versus harmful effects of high beta-carotene (BC) intake, especially for the lung. To elucidate potential mechanisms, we studied effects of BC on lung gene expression. We used a beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 (Bcmo1) knockout mouse (Bcmo1-/-) model, unable to convert BC to retinoids, and wild-type mice (Bcmo1+/+) mice to dissect the effects of intact BC from effects of BC metabolites. As expected, BC supplementation resulted in a higher BC accumulation in lungs of Bcmo1-/- mice than in lungs of Bcmo1+/+ mice. Whole mouse genome transcriptome analysis on lung tissue revealed that more genes were regulated in Bcmo1-/- mice than Bcmo1+/+ mice upon BC supplementation. Frizzled homolog 6 (Fzd6) and collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1) were significantly downregulated (fold changes -2.99 and -2.60, respectively, false discovery rate <0.05) by BC in Bcmo1-/-. Moreover, many olfactory receptors and many members of the protocadherin family were upregulated. Since both olfactory receptors and protocadherins have an important function in sensory nerves and Fzd6 and Cthrc1 are important in stem cell development, we hypothesize that BC might have an effect on the highly innervated pulmonary neuroendocrine cell (PNEC) cluster. PNECs are highly associated with sensory nerves and are important cells in the control of stem cells. A role for BC in the innervated PNEC cluster might be of particular importance in smoke-induced carcinogenesis since PNEC-derived lung cancer is highly associated with tobacco smoke

The flashing ratchet and unidirectional transport of matter

We study the flashing ratchet model of a Brownian motor, which consists in cyclical switching between the Fokker-Planck equation with an asymmetric ratchet-like potential and the pure diffusion equation. We show that the motor really performs unidirectional transport of mass, for proper parameters of the model, by analyzing the attractor of the problem and the stationary vector of a related Markov chain.Comment: 11 page

Clinical findings and outcome of dogs with unilateral masticatory muscle atrophy

Background: Little is known about the spectrum of underlying disorders in dogs with unilateral masticatory muscle (MM) atrophy. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and outcome of dogs with unilateral MM atrophy. Animals: Sixty‐three client‐owned dogs. Methods: The medical database was retrospectively reviewed for dogs that underwent MRI for evaluation of unilateral MM atrophy. Imaging studies were reviewed and follow‐up information was obtained from telephone interviews. Results: Presumptive trigeminal nerve sheath tumor (pTNST) was diagnosed in 30 dogs (47.6%); survival time varied from 1 day to 21 months (median, 5 months). Other extra‐axial mass lesions were observed in 13 dogs (20.6%); survival time varied from 6 days to 25 months (median, 2.5 months). In 18 dogs (28.6%), no abnormalities were observed on MRI; neurological signs only progressed in 1 dog. Diagnosis had a significant influence on the type of neurological abnormalities, with additional neurological deficits observed in most dogs with pTNST and in all dogs with other extra‐axial mass lesions. Diagnosis had a significant effect on euthanasia at the time of diagnosis and likelihood of neurological deterioration. Dogs with mass lesions were more likely to be euthanized or experience neurological deterioration, whereas these outcomes occurred less often in dogs in which no causative lesion could be identified. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Trigeminal nerve sheath tumors should not be considered the only cause of unilateral MM atrophy. Our results illustrate the importance of performing a neurological examination and MRI when evaluating dogs with unilateral MM atrophy

Variabilidad estacional y a mesoescala de algunos parámetros biológicos y químicos en relación con la hidrodinámica del canal de Ibiza (Mediterráneo occidental)

Este trabajo está basado en el análisis tridimensional a mesoescala de la relación entre la hidrodinámica y la distribución espacial de los nutrientes (nitratos), el porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno y la concentración de clorofila a, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en cuatro campañas llevadas a cabo en el canal de Ibiza en noviembre de 1990, marzo de 1991 y a principios y mediados de julio de 1992. El estudio comparado de estas cuatro campañas muestra una fenomenología diversa y cambiante, aunque puede ser descrita como variación de un patrón básico consistente en la generación de un sistema ciclónico y un frente originado por el agua entrante en el canal, de procedencia atlántica, situada sobre el agua residente que sale a través de él. Este fenómeno determina la fertilización por afloramiento producido por el sistema divergencia superficial - convergencia profunda asociado al sistema frontal y al torbellino ciclónico. La variabilidad espacial detectada a mesoescala está estrechamente relacionada con las distribuciones hidrográficas y la escasa duración de algunas estructuras de dimensiones reducidas. En consecuencia, este tipo de fenomenología puede ser considerada independiente de la época del año, que condiciona principalmente los gradientes verticales y la circulación general. De acuerdo con esto, en noviembre de 1990, las concentraciones relativamente bajas de clorofila a observadas pueden estar relacionadas con fenómenos de difusión y transporte debido a la intensidad de la corriente de agua de procedencia atlántica. Por el contrario, en la campaña efectuada en marzo de 1991, parece existir un fenómeno de confinamiento del material producido en una cuña ciclónica, que queda relativamente aislada y horizontalmente comprimida por una masa de agua situada al norte de la misma que, simultáneamente, obstaculiza el avance hacia el norte del agua de procedencia atlántica. Esto puede explicar, en parte, las elevadas concentraciones de clorofila observadas en el área ciclónica. La comparación de las campañas realizadas a primeros y mediados de julio de 1992 muestra cómo un simple desplazamiento hacia el sur del sistema ciclónico puede alterar, de manera importante, tanto los aportes de nutrientes como la distribución de los máximos de clorofila. En ambos casos las elevadas, aunque discontinuas, concentraciones de clorofila registradas pueden ser causadas por un mecanismo de acumulación que abarcaría conjuntamente procesos tales como un relativamente pequeño transporte advectivo y la disminución de la velocidad de sedimentación del fitoplancton a través de la picnoclina, así como la acumulación de nutrientes debida a la compresión vertical de los afloramientos que alcanzan la picnoclina, pudiendo permitir la producción fitoplanctónica cerca de los máximos de clorofilaPublicado

Seasonal and mesoscale variability of biological and chemical parameters related to the hydrodynamics of the Ibiza Channel (western Mediterranean)

Este trabajo está basado en el análisis tridimensional a mesoescala de la relación entre la hidrodinámica y la distribución espacial de los nutrientes (nitratos), el porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno y la concentración de clorofila a, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en cuatro campañas llevadas a cabo en el canal de Ibiza en noviembre de 1990, marzo de 1991 y a principios y mediados de julio de 1992. El estudio comparado de estas cuatro campañas muestra una fenomenología diversa y cambiante, aunque puede ser descrita como variación de un patrón básico consistente en la generación de un sistema ciclónico y un frente originado por el agua entrante en el canal, de procedencia atlántica, situada sobre el agua residente que sale a través de él. Este fenómeno determina la fertilización por afloramiento producido por el sistema divergencia superficial - convergencia profunda asociado al sistema frontal y al torbellino ciclónico. La variabilidad espacial detectada a mesoescala está estrechamente relacionada con las distribuciones hidrográficas y la escasa duración de algunas estructuras de dimensiones reducidas. En consecuencia, este tipo de fenomenología puede ser considerada independiente de la época del año, que condiciona principalmente los gradientes verticales y la circulación general. De acuerdo con esto, en noviembre de 1990, las concentraciones relativamente bajas de clorofila a observadas pueden estar relacionadas con fenómenos de difusión y transporte debido a la intensidad de la corriente de agua de procedencia atlántica. Por el contrario, en la campaña efectuada en marzo de 1991, parece existir un fenómeno de confinamiento del material producido en una cuña ciclónica, que queda relativamente aislada y horizontalmente comprimida por una masa de agua situada al norte de la misma que, simultáneamente, obstaculiza el avance hacia el norte del agua de procedencia atlántica. Esto puede explicar, en parte, las elevadas concentraciones de clorofila observadas en el área ciclónica. La comparación de las campañas realizadas a primeros y mediados de julio de 1992 muestra cómo un simple desplazamiento hacia el sur del sistema ciclónico puede alterar, de manera importante, tanto los aportes de nutrientes como la distribución de los máximos de clorofila. En ambos casos las elevadas, aunque discontinuas, concentraciones de clorofila registradas pueden ser causadas por un mecanismo de acumulación que abarcaría conjuntamente procesos tales como un relativamente pequeño transporte advectivo y la disminución de la velocidad de sedimentación del fitoplancton a través de la picnoclina, así como la acumulación de nutrientes debida a la compresión vertical de los afloramientos que alcanzan la picnoclina, pudiendo permitir la producción fitoplanctónica cerca de los máximos de clorofila.The interactions between the hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of nutrients (nitrates), percentage of oxygen saturation and chlorophyll-a concentration were studied by means of a 3-D mesoscale analysis. The data were obtained from four surveys carried out in the Ibiza Channel in November 1990, March 1991 and twice in July 1992. The comparative study of the data showed a high variability due to variations of a cyclonic eddy and a frontal system caused by the incoming modified Atlantic water, layered anta the resident water that flows out of the channel. This phenomenon determined fertilisation by upwelling, as a consequence of the surface-divergence/deep-convergence system associated with the front and the cyclonic gyre. Mesoscale spatial variability was closely related to hydrographic parameters. The short life of some small-scale structures can be considered independently of the season, which mainly causes vertical gradients and general circulation. In November 1990, the relatively low chlorophyll concentrations could be related to transport and diffusion phenomena caused by the intense inflow of the Modified Atlantic Water (MAW) mass. On the other hand, in March 1991, it seems that an enclosure phenomenon was found. The material produced was accumulated in a relatively isolated cyclonic area, horizontally compressed by a northern water mass, which also obstructed the normal inflow of the MAW. This could explain the high chlorophyll concentrations observed in the cyclonic area. The comparison between the surveys carried out in early and mid-July 1992 showed how a single southward displacement of the cyclonic system could have a great impact on the intensity of nutrient inputs and the location of chlorophyll maxima. In both cases, the very high, but patchy, chlorophyll concentrations observed might have been caused by an accumulation mechanism. This mechanism could be based on a joint process involving a slight advective transport and a drop in the phytoplankton's sinking rate through the pycnocline. Also, accumulation al nutrients due to vertical compression of upwelling phenomena reaching the pycnocline may lead to some phytoplankton production near the deep chlorophyll maxima.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

Structure and cluster formation in size asymmetric soft electrolyte systems

We examine the structure and thermodynamic properties of systems composed ions with rigid Gaussian charge distributions of differing widths that only interact electrostatically. These ultrasoft electrolytes [1,2] provide insight into the role of electrostatics in colloidal systems and have been observed to exhibit a liquid-vapor phase transition, as well as aggregation. We perform molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations over a broad range of ion densities and electrostatic coupling strengths for systems containing ions with different width charge distributions. Under certain conditions, these systems are observed to form large, finite sized clusters in an isotropic phase. The structure of these clusters, their charge and electrostatic potential distribution, and energetics of formation are analyzed in detail. We compare and interpret the simulation results with a splitting field theory [3] framework that focuses on fluctuations in the electrostatic potential. Within this approach, the short wavelength and long wavelength fluctuations are treated within different approximation schemes. This theory can accurately describe the counterion mediated attractive interactions between like-charged plates [3,4] and the one-component plasma (OCP) [5] from the weak, intermediate, and strong coupling regimes. As the charge distribution of one of the ion species in the ultrasoft electrolyte broadens, the system more closely resembles the OCP, where the splitting theory is known to work well. We carefully examine the evolution of ultrasoft electrolyte as the width of one of the ions changes from being infinitely broad to smaller sizes. In particular, we present spatial correlations in the fluctuations of the electrostatic potential, decomposing them into short and long wavelength contributions. This information is used to extend the splitting theory to capture the region of cluster formation