9 research outputs found
The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions
The adult body size of the Mediterranean fruit Ăy, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)
(Diptera: Tephritidae), varies in natural conditions. Body size is an important Ătness indicator in the
Mediterranean fruit Ăy;largerindividuals are more competitive at mating and have a greater dispersion
capacity and fertility. Both temperature during larval development and host fruit quality have been
cited as possible causes for this variation.We studied the inĂuence of host fruit and temperature during
larval development on adult body size (wing area) in the laboratory, and determined body size
variation in Ăeld populations of the Mediterannean fruit Ăy in eastern Spain. Field Ăies measured had
two origins: 1) Ăies periodically collected throughout the year in Ăeld traps from 32 citrus groves,
during the period 2003Ă2007; and 2) Ăies evolved from different fruit species collected between June
and December in 2003 and 2004. In the lab, wing area of male and female adults varied signiĂcantly
with temperature during larval development, being larger at the lowest temperature. Adult size also
was signiĂcantly different depending on the host fruit in which larvae developed. The size of the Ăies
captured at the Ăeld, either from traps or from fruits, varied seasonally showing a gradual pattern of
change along the year. The largest individuals were obtained during winter and early spring and the
smallest during late summer. In Ăeld conditions, the size of the adult Mediterannean fruit Ăy seems
apparently more related with air temperature than with host fruit. The implications of this adult size
pattern on the biology ofC. capitata and on the application of the sterile insect technique are discussed.We thank Apostolos Pekas for his useful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. This work was supported by the project RTA03-103-C6-3 assigned to F. G. M. from the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Navarro Campos, C.; MartĂnez Ferrer, MT.; Campos, J.; Fibla, JM.; Alcaide, J.; Bargues Desolmes, L.; Marzal Moreno, C.... (2011). The Influence of Host Fruit and Temperature on the Body Size of Adult Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) under Laboratory and Field conditions. Environmental Entomology. 90(4):931-938. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10302S931938904Albajes R. Santiago-Alvarez C. 1980. Influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo de Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Trypetidae). An. INIA. 13: 183â190.Angilletta, Jr.,, M. J., & Dunham, A. E. (2003). The TemperatureâSize Rule in Ectotherms: Simple Evolutionary Explanations May Not Be General. 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An exploratory study on the use of digital sculpting in conceptual product design
The product design process involves intensive manipulation of graphical data, from pencil sketches to CAD files. The use of graphic software is common among professionals in this field. Despite this, the conceptual design stage remains intensive in paper and pencil work, as CAD systems are still too rigid to allow a creative production of concepts. In this paper the use of digital sculpting software is proposed as a way of producing 3D sketches in the early stages of the process. An experiment is conducted to determine to which extent 3D sculpt sketches can be considered as a suitable tool for conceptual design. The results show a better performance of 2D drawings, but support the complementary use of digital sculpting
Biogeographical patterns and co-occurrence of pathogenic infection across island populations of Berthelotâs pipit (Anthus berthelotii)
Pathogens can exert strong selective forces upon host populations. However, before we can make any predictions about the consequences of pathogen-mediated selection, we ?rst need to determine whether patterns of pathogen distribution are consistent over spatiotemporal scales. We used molecular techniques to screen for a variety of blood pathogens (avian malaria, pox and trypanosomes) over a three-year time period across 13 island populations of the Berthelotâs pipit (Anthus berthelotii). This species has only recently dispersed across its range in the North Atlantic, with little subsequent migration, providing an ideal opportunity to examine the causes and effects of pathogenic infection in populations in the early stages of differentiation. We screened 832 individuals, and identi?ed two strains of Plasmodium, four strains of Leucocytozoon, and one pox strain. We found strong differences in pathogen prevalence across populations, ranging from 0 to 65%, and while some ?uctuations in prevalence occurred, these differences were largely stable over the time period studied. Smaller, more isolated islands harboured fewer pathogen strains than larger, less isolated islands, indicating that at the population level, colonization and extinction play an important role in determining pathogen distribution. Individual-level analyses con?rmed the island effect, and also revealed a positive association between Plasmodium and pox infection, which could have arisen due to dual transmission of the pathogens by the same vectors, or because one pathogen lowers resistance to the other. Our ?ndings, combined with an effect of infection on host body condition, suggest that Berthelotâs pipits are subject to different levels of pathogen-mediated selection both across and within populations, and that these selective pressures are consistent over time