Generalized model of blockage in particulate flow limited by channel carrying capacity

We investigate stochastic models of particles entering a channel with a random time distribution. When the number of particles present in the channel exceeds a critical value $N$, a blockage occurs and the particle flux is definitively interrupted. By introducing an integral representation of the $n$ particle survival probabilities, we obtain exact expressions for the survival probability, the distribution of the number of particles that pass before failure, the instantaneous flux of exiting particle and their time correlation. We generalize previous results for $N=2$ to an arbitrary distribution of entry times and obtain new, exact solutions for $N=3$ for a Poisson distribution and partial results for $N\ge 4$.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figure

The carbon abundance in two h 2 regions of the small Megallanic Cloud

Observations of the ultraviolet spectra of two locations in the H II region NGC 346 and of the entire H II region IC 1644 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) were made using the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite. The abundance of carbon in the nebulae was derived using theoretical model analysis combined with ground-based spectrophotometry of other emission lines. The abundance of C relative to H in the SMC was found to be lower by -0.9 dex compared with the Sun and lower by -0.8 dex compared with the Orion Nebula. This C deficiency is similar to that of O, Ne, S, and Ar in the SMC, but not as great as found for N. The sites and history of C nucleosynthesis in galaxies is similar to that of O, Ne, S, and Ar, in contrast to that of N, which appears to be more complex, perhaps because of a mixture of secondary primary sources or a significant contribution from intermediate-mass long-lived stars

Mercury deposition in southern New Hampshire, 2006–2009

The atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) occurs via several mechanisms including wet, dry, and occult processes. In an effort to understand the atmospheric cycling and seasonal depositional characteristics of Hg, event-based wet deposition samples and reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) measurements were collected for approximately 3 years at Thompson Farm (TF), a near-coastal rural site in Durham, NH, part of the University of New Hampshire AIRMAP Observing Network. Total aqueous mercury exhibited seasonal patterns in Hg wet deposition at TF. The lowest Hg wet deposition was measured in the winter with an average total seasonal deposition of 1.56 μg m−2compared to the summer average of 4.71 μg m−2. Inter-annual differences in total wet deposition are generally linked with precipitation volume, with the greatest deposition occurring in the wettest year. Relationships between surface level RGM and Hg wet deposition were also investigated based on continuous RGM measurements at TF from November 2006 to September 2009. No correlations were observed between RGM mixing ratios and Hg wet deposition, however the ineffective scavenging of RGM during winter precipitation events was evidenced by the less frequent depletion of RGM below the detection level. Seasonal dry deposition of reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) was estimated using an order-of-magnitude approach. RGM mixing ratios and dry deposition estimates were greatest during the winter and spring. The seasonal ratios of Hg wet deposition to RGM dry deposition vary by up to a factor of 80

The density Turán problem for hypergraphs

Given a k-graph H a complete blow-up of H is a k-graph Hˆ formed by replacing each v ∈ V (H) by a non-empty vertex class Av and then inserting all edges between any k vertex classes corresponding to an edge of H. Given a subgraph G ⊆ Hˆ and an edge e ∈ E(H) we define the density de(G) to be the proportion of edges present in G between the classes corresponding to e. The density Tur´an problem for H asks: determine the minimal value dcrit(H) such that any subgraph G ⊆ Hˆ satisfying de(G) > dcrit(H) for every e ∈ E(H) contains a copy of H as a transversal, i.e. a copy of H meeting each vertex class of Hˆ exactly once. We give upper bounds for this hypergraph density Tur´an problem that generalise the known bounds for the case of graphs due to Csikv´ari and Nagy [3], although our methods are different, employing an entropy compression argument

The influence of 6 weeks of maximal eccentric plantarflexor training on muscle-tendon mechanics

Resistance training can influence muscle-tendon properties including strength, flexibility, stretch tolerance and muscle-tendon stiffness; however the specific influence of eccentric-only training is unknown. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the effects of a 6-week maximal eccentric resistance training programme on isometric plantarflexor moment (MVC), dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), stretch tolerance (peak passive moment), muscle and tendon stiffness and running economy. Thirteen recreationally active men (age = 20.0 ± 0.9 yr, mass = 75.9 ± 8.5 kg, height = 1.8 ± 0.1 m) volunteered for the study after giving written informed consent; ethical approval was granted from the University of Northampton. Training was performed twice weekly for six weeks and consisted of 5 sets of 12 repetitions of 3-s maximal eccentric contractions at 10°•s-1 from 20° plantarflexion to 10° dorsiflexion. Maximal isometric plantarflexor moment, dorsiflexion ROM, stretch tolerance, and muscle, tendon and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) stiffness were measured using isokinetic dynamometry, real-time ultrasound and 3D motion analyses before and after the training. Running economy (VO2) was determined at a running speed equating to 70%VO2max using online gas analysis. Repeated measures t-tests were used to determine significant differences between pre- and post-training data, significance accepted at p0.05). Analysis of ultrasound data revealed a significant decrease in muscle stiffness (20.6%; p0.05). While the training-induced increase in plantarflexor strength was expected, the substantial increases in ROM, stretch tolerance and tendon stiffness, and the reduction in passive muscle stiffness, were important and novel findings. Interestingly, when measured during passive stretch, MTU stiffness remained unchanged while tendon stiffness increased and muscle stiffness decreased. These disparate findings have clear implications for testing methodologies, and indicate that imaging techniques must be utilised in order to examine the effects of interventions on specific tissues. As the training clearly enhanced the capacity of the muscle to tolerate both tissue loading and deformation, which are commonly associated with muscle strain injury, these data have clear implications for both muscular performance and injury risk

Electromagnetic Sensors Based on Magnonic Crystals for Applications in the Fields of Biomedical and NDT

AbstractAn exploratory investigation of high sensitivity sensors based on magnonic crystals for the measurement of weak magnetic fields at room temperature is presented. The samples are YIG crystals on GGG substrate (Gadolinium-Gallium-Garnet) on which a periodic structure of shallow grooves are etched or gold stripes are deposited. The excitation of surface magnetostatic spin waves (MSSW) which should appear in these structures is obtained by means of microstrip transmission line or microstrip planar antenna.The measurement of the magnonic structure by complex transmission coefficient (S12) shows a significant shift in frequency of the maximum absorption peak related to magnonic band gap which depends on the magnitude of the DC magnetic bias field applied. It shows the possibility of magnonic high Q-value band gap implementation with respect to spin wave propagation band (GHz band) in magnonic crystals applied to spin waves detection of magnetic fields.The influence of the characteristics of the microstrip line or the microstrip antenna on sensor performance (sensitivity and resolution) is studied

Random sequential adsorption of shrinking or spreading particles

We present a model of one-dimensional irreversible adsorption in which particles once adsorbed immediately shrink to a smaller size or expand to a larger size. Exact solutions for the fill factor and the particle number variance as a function of the size change are obtained. Results are compared with approximate analytical solutions.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure

Horizontal gene transfer in osmotrophs: playing with public goods.

Please cite published version available by following the DOI link above.Osmotrophic microorganisms, such as fungi and oomycetes, feed by secreting depolymerizing enzymes to process complex food sources in the extracellular environment, and taking up the resulting simple sugars, micronutrients and amino acids. As a consequence of this lifestyle, osmotrophs engage in the acquisition and protection of public goods. In this Opinion article, we propose that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a key part in shaping both the repertoire of proteins required for osmotrophy and the nature of public goods interactions in which eukaryotic microorganisms engage.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC

Double precision trajectory program /DPTRAJ 2.2C/

Four part program computes trajectory of space probe moving in solar system and subject to variety of forces