2,151 research outputs found
Photon-bunching measurement after 2x25km of standard optical fibers
To show the feasibility of a long distance partial Bell-State measurement, a
Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment with coherent photons is reported. Pairs of
degenerate photons at telecom wavelength are created by parametric down
conversion in a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. The photon pairs
are separated in a beam-splitter and transmitted via two fibers of 25km. The
wave-packets are relatively delayed and recombined on a second beam-splitter,
forming a large Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Coincidence counts between the
photons at the two output modes are registered. The main challenge consists in
the trade-off between low count rates due to narrow filtering and length
fluctuations of the 25km long arms during the measurement. For balanced paths a
Hong-Ou-Mandel dip with a visibility of 47.3% is observed, which is close to
the maximal theoretical value of 50% developed here. This proves the
practicability of a long distance Bell state measurement with two independent
sources, as e.g. required in an entanglement swapping configuration in the
scale of tens of km.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Waveguide-based OPO source of entangled photon pairs
In this paper we present a compact source of narrow-band energy-time
entangled photon pairs in the telecom regime based on a Ti-indiffused
Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) waveguide resonator, i.e. a waveguide
with end-face dielectric multi-layer mirrors. This is a monolithic doubly
resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) far below threshold, which
generates photon pairs by Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC) at
around 1560nm with a 117MHz (0.91 pm)- bandwidth. A coherence time of 2.7 ns is
estimated by a time correlation measurement and a high quality of the entangled
states is confirmed by a Bell-type experiment. Since highly coherent
energy-time entangled photon pairs in the telecom regime are suitable for long
distance transmission and manipulation, this source is well suited to the
requirements of quantum communication.Comment: 13 page
Gold surfaces and nanoparticles are protected by Au(0)-thiyl species and are destroyed when Au(I)-thiolates form
The synthetic chemistry and spectroscopy of sulfur-protected gold surfaces and nanoparticles is analyzed, indicating that the electronic structure of the interface is Au(0)-thiyl, with Au(I)-thiolates identified as high-energy excited surface states. Density-functional theory indicates that it is the noble character of gold and nanoparticle surfaces that destabilizes Au(I)-thiolates. Bonding results from large van der Waals forces, influenced by covalent bonding induced through s-d hybridization and charge polarization effects that perturbatively mix in some Au(I)-thiolate character. A simple method for quantifying these contributions is presented, revealing that a driving force for nanoparticle growth is nobleization, minimizing Au(I)-thiolate involvement. Predictions that Brust-Schiffrin reactions involve thiolate anion intermediates are verified spectroscopically, establishing a key feature needed to understand nanoparticle growth. Mixing of preprepared Au(I) and thiolate reactants always produces Au(I)-thiolate thin films or compounds rather than monolayers. Smooth links to O, Se, Te, C, and N linker chemistry are established
A versatile source of polarisation entangled photons for quantum network applications
We report a versatile and practical approach for generating high-quality
polarization entanglement in a fully guided-wave fashion. Our setup relies on a
high-brilliance type-0 waveguide generator producing paired photon at a telecom
wavelength associated with an advanced energy-time to polarisation transcriber.
The latter is capable of creating any pure polarization entangled state, and
allows manipulating single photon bandwidths that can be chosen at will over
five orders of magnitude, ranging from tens of MHz to several THz. We achieve
excellent entanglement fidelities for particular spectral bandwidths, i.e. 25
MHz, 540 MHz and 100 GHz, proving the relevance of our approach. Our scheme
stands as an ideal candidate for a wide range of network applications, ranging
from dense division multiplexing quantum key distribution to heralded optical
quantum memories and repeaters.Comment: 5 figure
Nonclassical 2-photon interference with separate intrinsically narrowband fibre sources
In this paper, we demonstrate a source of photon pairs based on
four-wave-mixing in photonic crystal fibres. Careful engineering of the phase
matching conditions in the fibres enables us to create photon pairs at 597 nm
and 860 nm in an intrinsically factorable state showing no spectral
correlations. This allows for heralding one photon in a pure state and hence
renders narrow band filtering obsolete. The source is narrow band, bright and
achieves an overall detection efficiency of up to 21% per photon. For the first
time, a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with unfiltered photons from separate fibre
sources is presented.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
Profiling of Glycan Receptors for Minute Virus of Mice in Permissive Cell Lines Towards Understanding the Mechanism of Cell Recognition
The recognition of sialic acids by two strains of minute virus of mice (MVM), MVMp (prototype) and MVMi (immunosuppressive), is an essential requirement for successful infection. To understand the potential for recognition of different modifications of sialic acid by MVM, three types of capsids, virus-like particles, wild type empty (no DNA) capsids, and DNA packaged virions, were screened on a sialylated glycan microarray (SGM). Both viruses demonstrated a preference for binding to 9-O-methylated sialic acid derivatives, while MVMp showed additional binding to 9-O-acetylated and 9-O-lactoylated sialic acid derivatives, indicating recognition differences. The glycans recognized contained a type-2 Galβ1-4GlcNAc motif (Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc or 3′SIA-LN) and were biantennary complex-type N-glycans with the exception of one. To correlate the recognition of the 3′SIA-LN glycan motif as well as the biantennary structures to their natural expression in cell lines permissive for MVMp, MVMi, or both strains, the N- and O-glycans, and polar glycolipids present in three cell lines used for in vitro studies, A9 fibroblasts, EL4 T lymphocytes, and the SV40 transformed NB324K cells, were analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The cells showed an abundance of the sialylated glycan motifs recognized by the viruses in the SGM and previous glycan microarrays supporting their role in cellular recognition by MVM. Significantly, the NB324K showed fucosylation at the non-reducing end of their biantennary glycans, suggesting that recognition of these cells is possibly mediated by the Lewis X motif as in 3′SIA-LeX identified in a previous glycan microarray screen
Polarization entangled photon-pair source based on a type-II PPLN waveguide emitting at a telecom wavelength
We report the realization of a fiber coupled polarization entangled
photon-pair source at 1310 nm based on a birefringent titanium in-diffused
waveguide integrated on periodically poled lithium niobate. By taking advantage
of a dedicated and high-performance setup, we characterized the quantum
properties of the pairs by measuring two-photon interference in both
Hong-Ou-Mandel and standard Bell inequality configurations. We obtained, for
the two sets of measurements, interference net visibilities reaching nearly
100%, which represent important and competitive results compared to similar
waveguide-based configurations already reported. These results prove the
relevance of our approach as an enabling technology for long-distance quantum
communication.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, to appear in New Journal of Physic
Stimulus modality influences session-to-session transfer of training effects in auditory and tactile streaming-based P300 brain–computer interfaces
Despite recent successes, patients suffering from locked-in syndrome (LIS) still struggle to communicate using vision-independent brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). In this study, we compared auditory and tactile BCIs, regarding training effects and cross-stimulus-modality transfer effects, when switching between stimulus modalities. We utilized a streaming-based P300 BCI, which was developed as a low workload approach to prevent potential BCI-inefficiency. We randomly assigned 20 healthy participants to two groups. The participants received three sessions of training either using an auditory BCI or using a tactile BCI. In an additional fourth session, BCI versions were switched to explore possible cross-stimulus-modality transfer effects. Both BCI versions could be operated successfully in the first session by the majority of the participants, with the tactile BCI being experienced as more intuitive. Significant training effects were found mostly in the auditory BCI group and strong evidence for a cross-stimulus-modality transfer occurred for the auditory training group that switched to the tactile version but not vice versa. All participants were able to control at least one BCI version, suggesting that the investigated paradigms are generally feasible and merit further research into their applicability with LIS end-users. Individual preferences regarding stimulus modality should be considered
Experimental characterization of photonic fusion using fiber sources
We report the fusion of photons from two independent photonic crystal fiber
sources into polarization entangled states using a fiber-based polarizing beam
splitter. We achieve fidelities of up to F = 0.74 0.01 with respect to
the maximally entangled Bell state \phi+ using a low pump power of 5.3mW with a
success rate of 3.2 four-fold detections per second. By increasing the pump
power we find that success rates of up to 111.6 four-folds per second can be
achieved, with entanglement still present in the fused state. We characterize
the fusion operation by providing a full quantum process reconstruction. Here a
model is developed to describe the generation of entanglement, including the
main causes of imperfection, and we show that this model fits well with the
experimental results. Our work shows how non-ideal settings limit the success
of the fusion, providing useful information about the practical requirements
for an operation that may be used to build large entangled states in bulk and
on-chip quantum photonic waveguides.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
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