Efeito da idade sobre o equilíbrio ácido-básico de bezerras sadias no primeiro mês de vida

Venous blood samples of 300 healthy female Holstein calves were used to study the effect of the age on the acid-base balance in the neonatal period. The calves were divided in 15 age groups: from birth to 8 h; 8 to 16 h; 16 to 24 h; 2 d; 3 d; 4 d; 5 d; 6 and 7 d; 8 and 9 d; 10 and 11 d; 12 and 13 d; 14 and 15 d; 16 to 20 d; 21 to 25 d; and 26 to 30 d. Blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, BE, StB and SatO2 values were measured and the results were analysed through ANOVA. The correlation between the variables and age in the first day of life was studied. The influence of the type of parturition (normal versus assisted or dystocic) on the acid-base status was compared. Blood pH and pCO2 values were respectivelly lower and higher in the first age group; BE and StB were reduced in the first 16 h of life, showing a trend to increase up to the 5th day of life. The older the calf, in the first day of life, the higher the blood pH, BE, and StB; the lower the blood pCO2. Few changes occurred in the acid-base status of calves born from different types of parturition. These results reforced the evidence that mixed acidosis presented at birth tend to be reverted during the first days of life. The acid-base vriables remained stable along the rest of the neonatal period.Para investigar o efeito da idade sobre o equilíbrio ácido-básico de bovinos neonatos, colheram-se amostras de sangue venoso de 300 bezerras sadias da raça Holandesa distribuídas por 15 grupos etários: do nascimento até 8 h; de 8 a 16 h; de 16 a 24 h; 2 d; 3 d; 4 d; 5 d; 6 e 7 d; 8 e 9 d; 10 e 11 d; 12 e 13 d; 14 e 15 d; 16 a 20 d; 21 a 25 d; e 26 a 30 d. Determinaram-se os valores de pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, BE, StB e SatO2, testando-se o efeito da idade por meio da Análise de Variâncias. Nas bezerras em seu primeiro dia de idade, estudaram-se as correlações das variáveis com o tempo de vida em horas; e a influência da condição de parto (espontâneos contra auxiliados ou distócicos). O pH e a pCO2 foram menor e maior, respectivamente, no primeiro grupo; e o BE e o StB mais reduzidos até 16 horas de vida, com uma tendência a aumentarem até o quinto dia. Ao longo do primeiro dia de vida o pH, o BE e o StB se elevaram e a pCO2 diminuiu. A condição do parto não atuou, em geral, como um fator adicional de variação. Tais resultados reforçam as evidências de que o estado de acidose mista exibido ao nascimento tende a se reverter nos primeiros dias de vida; e comprovam que os valores das variáveis hemogasométricas mantêm-se estabilizados ao longo de todo o período neonatal restante

Passive Transfer of Immunity and Serum Proteinogram during the First 35 Days of Age in Nelore Calves Conceived Naturally or Through In Vitro Fertilization

Background: Some reports indicate that calves produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) may have excessive birth weights, increasing the rates of dystocia. Prolonged labor can cause the birth of lethargic calves that slowly ingest colostrum; this may compromise the intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins. Although the number of beef calves produced by IVF is high in Brazil, there have been few physiological studies examining the neonatal period in such cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the passive transfer of immunity, and characterize the variation in serum protein concentrations, in Nelore calves up to 35 days of age, comparing naturally conceived calves with those conceived by IVF.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy newborn Nelore calves were randomly selected and allocated into two groups (n = 20) according to their method of conception (natural versus IVF), and each group was composed of ten males and ten females. All calves were born and raised on the same farm, and kept with their mothers on extensive management condition. Blood samples were collected between 24 and 36 h after birth, and at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of age. Total protein (TP) concentration in serum was measured by the biuret method, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) serum activity was measured by the kinetic method. Concentrations of serum albumin, as well as alpha 1-, alpha 2-, beta, and gamma globulins were measured by agarose gel electrophoresis. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration was estimated by the zinc sulfate turbidity test. The effects of sex, age, and conception method, on aforementioned serum parameters, were tested by repeated measures ANOVA. Sex of calves did not affect the studied variables (P > 0.05) and there was no interaction between the age and the conception method (P > 0.05). Naturally conceived calves presented higher TP and IgG concentrations (P 0.05) with age. These patterns of variation related to age were observed in both groups with no apparent distinctions. Based on values obtained at 24 to 36 h after birth, it can be asserted that the passive transfer of immunity was successful in both groups, despite the differences in total protein and IgG concentrations.Discussion: The age-related variations in serum proteinogram components over the first 35 days of age may be considered physiological; and were consistent with previous studies in healthy Nelore calves. These were characterized by gradual decreases in TP, gamma globulins, IgG, and globulin concentrations, as well as GGT activity, and by increase in albumin concentration. The results do not corroborate the suspicion that calves conceived by IVF are more prone to failure of passive transfer. It can be concluded that Nelore newborn calves conceived through IVF, having standard weight at birth, do not have physiological differences related to serum protein concentrations when compared to calves conceived by natural methods

Seroepidemiology Survey of Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in Unvaccinated Beef Bubalines (Bubalus bubalis) from Southern Brazil

Background: The bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) belonging to the order Herpesvirales, family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and genus Varicellovirus.Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infections have a great importance due to the high rates of dissemination in cattles worldwide. Although, the BoHV-1 was largely related in cattle, buffaloes were also classified as host for the virus. However, studies that determine seroepidemiological data in this species are scarce and necessary. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of antibodies against BoHV-1 in healthy beef buffaloes using the virus neutralization (VN) technique.Cases: This work portrays an epidemiological survey, based on a sectional study characterized by blood samples collected from 54 Murrah buffalo, aged 6 to 24 months, from the municipalities of Guaraqueçaba, Ponta Grossa, Antonina and Doutor Ulysses, located in Paraná state, being 20, 14, 10 and 10 samples from each location, respectively. Thirty-seven percent (20/54) of the samples were collected at slaughterhouse with registration at the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA), and 63% (34/54) at the buffalo's farms. The serum samples were collected in sterile tubes without anticoagulant in stored isothermal boxes, with serum separation and stored at -20ºC. The samples were sent to the Animal Virology Laboratory of Universidade Estadual de Londrina, UEL for serological analysis. Serological diagnosis using the virus neutralization (VN) technique was performed according the OIE manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, using the BoHV-1 Los Angeles strain. Forth-five of the 54 samples (83.3%) evaluated generated titers of antibodies against BoHV-1 present in all evaluated herds, and the samples collected in herd from Antonina city were 100% positive, following by 80% in Guaraqueçaba and Doutor Ulysses city, and 78.6% in Ponta Grossa city. In relationship to the titration of anti-bovine herpesvirus 1 antibodies (BoHV-1), it was found that 23/45 (51.12%) of the samples had titers ≤ 16, 13/45 (28.88 %) with indexes between 32-64, and 9/45 (20%) with levels above 128.Discussion: The confirmation of the presence of antibodies against BoHV-1 in the buffalo samples tested in the present study proves the circulation of the agent in the studied species, with a homogeneous distribution of bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 in all the evaluated herds. There was high variability in antibody titers against BoHV-1 from all herds, and the occurrence of a high number of buffaloes reactive to BoHV-1 and with high antibody titers suggests a course of active or reactive infections in these animals. In only one of the herds, the age of the animals studied varied between 6 to 8 months. The fact that these animals are lactating raises the possibility of anti-BoHV-1 antibodies being acquired by breastfeeding. The results obtained allow to conclude, considering the fact that the animals are not vaccinated against BoHV-1, the presence of circulating antibodies is from a natural infection, and the positivity in all farms tested denotes the endemicity of the BoHV-1 infection in herds. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study on the detection and measurement of antibodies against BoHV-1 in healthy and unvaccinated buffaloes in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil, showing a high frequency of seroreagent animals.

Protein profile of healthy female Holstein calves during the first month after birth

Com a finalidade de estabelecer valores de referência do proteinograma sérico e avaliar o efeito do fator etário, estudaram-se amostras de soro sangüíneo de 300 bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, no primeiro mês pós-nascimento, distribuídas por 15 grupos etários. O teor sérico de proteína total foi mínimo nos animais com até oito horas de idade, aumentando progressivamente até o 4º dia, quando alcançou o valor máximo seguindo, então, com pequenas oscilações até o 30º dia. Os teores de albumina sérica apresentaram pequenas elevações a partir das 24 horas de vida, sendo o aumento significativo após 13 a 15 dias e mantendo-se até os 30 dias de idade, quando registrou-se o valor máximo. As taxas séricas de alfaglobulina não demonstraram variações significativas entre os grupos etários. Os teores de betaglobulina sérica aumentaram progressivamente até sete a nove dias pós-nascimento, quando alcançaram um valor máximo, sendo este seguido por pequenas variações até o final das observações. A concentração sérica de gamaglobulina que foi mínima até oito horas de idade, evoluiu com aumentos significativos até dois dias de idade, quando atingiu um valor máximo, tendo estabilidade dos valores até o 11º dia de idade e, na seqüência, apresentou queda progressiva das taxas até os 30 dias. A relação albumina:globulina evidenciou um valor máximo nos animais com até oito horas de idade, seguido por queda significativa até os dois dias pós-nascimento, quando passou a apresentar valores relativamente estáveis mantidos até os 15 dias de idade, demonstrando então tendência a aumentos até o final do período de estudo. Todos os componentes do proteinograma, com exceção da fração alfaglobulina, apresentaram variações influenciadas pela idade.Three-hundred healthy female Holstein calves were used for assessing reference values and ageing influence on the protein profile throughout the first month of life. The total protein values were lower on calves younger than 8 hours of life, increasing progressively until the 4th day when were recorded the highest value, remaining like this until the 30 th day. The level of albumin increased from 24 hours of life and more intensively from the 13-15th to the 30 th day when were recorded the highest value. No differences were recorded on the alphaglobulin concentrations throughout the study. The levels of betaglobulin increased until the 7-9th day, reaching the highest value and continuing similar until the end of the experiment. Lowest gammaglobulin levels were recorded on calves under 8 hours of life, than it showed an increase until the 2nd day, when it reached the highest values, remaining at similar levels until the 11th day; after that showed a continuing decrease until the 30th day of life. The albumin:globulin ratio presented its highest value at the 8th hour followed by a significant decrease until the 2nd day of life. Then it remained at similar levels until the 15th day when they had shown an increase until the end of the study. Ageing showed a significant influence for all biochemical variables studied, but the alphaglobulin

Parâmetros bioquímicos para avaliação da função renal e do equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico em bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, no primeiro mês de vida

Para o estabelecimento dos valores de referência de variáveis bioquímicas utilizadas na avaliação da função renal e do equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico de bezerras sadias, da raça Holandesa, no primeiro mês de vida, utilizou-se amostras de soro sangüíneo de 300 animais, distribuídos por 15 grupos experimentais, de acordo com o tempo de vida pós-nascimento. Considerou-se na análise dos resultados a influência do fator etário. As concentrações de uréia sérica apresentaram oscilações, atingindo um valor máximo nos animais com 4 dias de vida (31,85 mg/dl), seguindo com queda significativa, alcançando a taxa mínima nos bezerros com 15 a 20 dias de vida. De forma semelhante, a taxa de creatinina sérica foi maior nos grupos de animais mais jovens (grupo 1 - 2,65 mg/dl), evoluindo com declínio progressivo até atingir valor mínimo nos animais mais velhos (grupo 15 - 1,28 mg/dl). As taxas do sódio tiveram pequenas oscilações até 15 dias de vida quando ocorreu o valor mínimo (125,9 mEq/l); a seguir houve aumento significativo com taxa máxima nos animais com 20 a 25 dias (141,5 mEq/l). Quanto ao potássio sérico, o valor mínimo foi detectado nos animais mais jovens (grupo 1 - 4,30 mEq/l), seguido por aumento significativo e até atingir o maior valor nos grupos de animais com 5 a 9 dias de vida (5,27 mEq/l). A influência do fator etário provou-se significativa para praticamente todos os constituintes bioquímicos estudados, com exceção da determinação de cloreto sérico.Three hundred healthy female Holstein calves were used for assess the renal function and electrolyte balance throughout the first month of life. Calves were distributed through 15 experimental group, according to age. The influence of age on the biochemical values was also studied. The serum concentration of urea oscillated throughout the study, reaching the highest value on the 4th day of life (31,85 mg/dl) and reaching the lowest values on calves with 15-20 days of life. Similarly, serum creatinine had highest values on the group of youngest animals (group 1 - 2,65 mg/dl), followed by oscillations and a continuing decrease until it reached the lowest values on older animals (group 15 - 1,28 mg/dl). The sodium concentrations had few oscillations until 15 days of life when it had the lowest value (125,9 mEq/l); thereafter it was observed a significant increase with the highest value between 20th and 25th day of life (141,5 mEq/l). For the serum potassium, the lowest value was observed on younger animals (group 1 - 4,30 mEq/l), followed by a significant increase until the highest value between the 5th and 9th day of life (5,27 mEq/l). Ageing showed a significant influence on all the biochemical variables studied with exception for chloride ion concentration

POTENCIAL ALCALINIZANTE DA SOLUÇÃO DE RINGER COM LACTATO EM OVELHAS SADIAS

The alkalinizing power of Lactated Ringer’s Solution (LRS) was searched in this work. Six crossbred healthy ewes, nonpregnant and nonlactating, weighting approximately 40 kg, received 4 L of LRS by 4 hours continuous intravenous infusion at a rate of  25 mL/kg/h. The venous blood samples were obtained before the infusion (0 hours), during the infusion (2 hours), at the end of the infusion (4 hours), and 2 hours after the end of the infusion (6 hours). Values of pH, pCO2, HCO3-, TCO2, BE, Na+, K+, Cl- and lactate L were determined. The LRS induced mild increase in the alkali reserve confirming its low magnitude alkalinizing power, as a result of the small sodium lactate concentration present in the solution.   KEY WORDS: Sheep, acid-base balance, sodium lactate, intravenous solution

(Stephanofilariasis in cattle)

A estefanofilariose é uma doença mundialmente distribuída e caracteriza-se por lesões na pele causadas por nematódeo do gênero Stephanofilaria. É mais prevalente no verão, devido à maior proliferação das moscas consideradas vetores do parasita, e acomete várias espécies animais. Nos bovinos caracteriza-se por uma dermatite crônica associada com erupção papular progredindo para nódulos, alopecia e ulceração crostosa. Apesar de ser uma doença conhecida há muitos anos, há poucos estudos e relatos sobre a mesma. A literatura é particularmente escassa no Brasil. Aspectos gerais sobre a epidemiologia, o agente, as manifestações e os métodos de diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção foram revisados.Stephanofilariasis is a worldwide disease caused by the nematode Stephanofilaria that determines skin lesions in several definitive hosts. The prevalence is higher in summer due to the increase in fly population, the intermediate host. In cattle, the chronic dermatitis is characteristic begining with papules that progress to nodules, alopecia and ulcers with crusts. Despite it's long time recognition, there are few studies and reports about this disease, specially in Brazil. General informations of epidemiology, the agent, clinical signs, diagnosis methods, treatment and prevention were rewied