Cehennem deliği

Alexandre Dumas'nın Tercüman-ı Hakikat'te yayımlanan Cehennem Deliği adlı romanının ilk ve son tefrikas

Совершенствование технологического процесса автоматической системы регулирования температуры перегретого пара в котле

Целью данной работы является повышение надёжности работы энергоблока с помощью улучшения системы автоматического регулирования температуры перегретого пара на котлоагрегате Е-240-13,8-560 КТ. Разработанная система может быть использована на энергетических котлах Приморской ТЭС. Предлагаемая система позволит повысить надежность работы энергоблока, снизить количество аварийных отключений и, как следствие, финансовые потери предприятия.The aim of this work is to increase the reliability of the operation of the power plant by improving the automatic control of the temperature of superheated steam on the boiler E-240-13.8-560 KT. The developed system can be used on energy boilers of Primorsky TES. The proposed system will make it possible to increase the reliability of the power unit's operation, reduce the number of emergency disconnections, and, as a consequence, the financial losses of the enterprise

Enabling the measurement of particle sizes in stirred colloidal suspensions by embedding dynamic light scattering into an automated probe head

A novel probe head design is introduced, which enables in-line monitoring of particle sizes in undiluted stirred fluids using dynamic light scattering. The novel probe head separates a small sample volume of 0.65 ml from the bulk liquid by means of an impeller. In this sample volume, particle sizing is performed using a commercially available fiber-optical backscatter probe. While conventional light scattering measurements in stirred media fail due to the superposition of Brownian’ motion and forced convection, undistorted measurements are possible with the proposed probe head. One measurement takes approximately 30 s used for liquid exchange by rotation of the impeller and for collection of scattered light. The probe head is applied for in-line monitoring of the particle growth during microgel synthesis by precipitation polymerization in a one liter laboratory reactor. The in-line measurements are compared to off-line measurements and show a good agreement

Enabling the measurement of particle sizes in stirred colloidal suspensions by embedding dynamic light scattering into an automated probe head

A novel probe head design is introduced, which enables in-line monitoring of particle sizes in undiluted stirred fluids using dynamic light scattering. The novel probe head separates a small sample volume of 0.65 ml from the bulk liquid by means of an impeller. In this sample volume, particle sizing is performed using a commercially available fiber-optical backscatter probe. While conventional light scattering measurements in stirred media fail due to the superposition of Brownian’ motion and forced convection, undistorted measurements are possible with the proposed probe head. One measurement takes approximately 30 s used for liquid exchange by rotation of the impeller and for collection of scattered light. The probe head is applied for in-line monitoring of the particle growth during microgel synthesis by precipitation polymerization in a one liter laboratory reactor. The in-line measurements are compared to off-line measurements and show a good agreement

Multi-scale processes of beech wood disintegration and pretreatment with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/water mixtures

Background: The valorization of biomass for chemicals and fuels requires efficient pretreatment. One effective strategy involves the pretreatment with ionic liquids which enables enzymatic saccharification of wood within a few hours under mild conditions. This pretreatment strategy is, however, limited by water and the ionic liquids are rather expensive. The scarce understanding of the involved effects, however, challenges the design of alternative pretreatment concepts. This work investigates the multi length-scale effects of pretreatment of wood in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) in mixtures with water using spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering. Results: The structure of beech wood is disintegrated in EMIMAc/water mixtures with a water content up to 8.6 wt%. Above 10.7 wt%, the pretreated wood is not disintegrated, but still much better digested enzymatically compared to native wood. In both regimes, component analysis of the solid after pretreatment shows an extraction of few percent of lignin and hemicellulose. In concentrated EMIMAc, xylan is extracted more efficiently and lignin is defunctionalized. Corresponding to the disintegration at macroscopic scale, SANS and XRD show isotropy and a loss of crystallinity in the pretreated wood, but without distinct reflections of type II cellulose. Hence, the microfibril assembly is decrystallized into rather amorphous cellulose within the cell wall. Conclusions: The molecular and structural changes elucidate the processes of wood pretreatment in EMIMAc/water mixtures. In the aqueous regime with >10.7 wt% water in EMIMAc, xyloglucan and lignin moieties are extracted, which leads to coalescence of fibrillary cellulose structures. Dilute EMIMAc/water mixtures thus resemble established aqueous pretreatment concepts. In concentrated EMIMAc, the swelling due to decrystallinization of cellulose, dissolution of cross-linking xylan, and defunctionalization of lignin releases the mechanical stress to result in macroscopic disintegration of cells. The remaining cell wall constituents of lignin and hemicellulose, however, limit a recrystallization of the solvated cellulose. These pretreatment mechanisms are beyond common pretreatment concepts and pave the way for a formulation of mechanistic requirements of pretreatment with simpler pretreatment liquors. © 2016 Viell et al

A pretreatment process for wood based on ionic liquids

The future chemical utilization of biomass as a renewable raw material requires a pretreatment to gain access to these macromolecules. This work describes the systematic development of such a pretreatment process using ionic liquids to convert wood into fermentable sugars. During the exploration of the effects of several ionic liquids on wood, a disintegration effect is discovered in this work, which is identified as the most promising pretreatment mechanism. Its benefit is demonstrated by a high yield of 65% of sugars after a short enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, the experimental results are exploited in a process simulation to assess the energy demand and the economic prospect of the developed pretreatment concept. This analysis identifies advantages and bottlenecks of the biomass pretreatment with concentrated solvents such as ionic liquids. A discussion outlines the challenges to be tackled by further research to tailor pretreatment processes to biomass and economy