The European Solar Telescope

The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a project aimed at studying the magnetic connectivity of the solar atmosphere, from the deep photosphere to the upper chromosphere. Its design combines the knowledge and expertise gathered by the European solar physics community during the construction and operation of state-of-the-art solar telescopes operating in visible and near-infrared wavelengths: the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope, the German Vacuum Tower Telescope and GREGOR, the French Télescope Héliographique pour l'Étude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires, and the Dutch Open Telescope. With its 4.2 m primary mirror and an open configuration, EST will become the most powerful European ground-based facility to study the Sun in the coming decades in the visible and near-infrared bands. EST uses the most innovative technological advances: the first adaptive secondary mirror ever used in a solar telescope, a complex multi-conjugate adaptive optics with deformable mirrors that form part of the optical design in a natural way, a polarimetrically compensated telescope design that eliminates the complex temporal variation and wavelength dependence of the telescope Mueller matrix, and an instrument suite containing several (etalon-based) tunable imaging spectropolarimeters and several integral field unit spectropolarimeters. This publication summarises some fundamental science questions that can be addressed with the telescope, together with a complete description of its major subsystems

The European Solar Telescope

The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a project aimed at studying the magnetic connectivity of the solar atmosphere, from the deep photosphere to the upper chromosphere. Its design combines the knowledge and expertise gathered by the European solar physics community during the construction and operation of state-of-the-art solar telescopes operating in visible and near-infrared wavelengths: the Swedish 1m Solar Telescope, the German Vacuum Tower Telescope and GREGOR, the French Télescope Héliographique pour l’Étude du Magnétisme et des Instabilités Solaires, and the Dutch Open Telescope. With its 4.2 m primary mirror and an open configuration, EST will become the most powerful European ground-based facility to study the Sun in the coming decades in the visible and near-infrared bands. EST uses the most innovative technological advances: the first adaptive secondary mirror ever used in a solar telescope, a complex multi-conjugate adaptive optics with deformable mirrors that form part of the optical design in a natural way, a polarimetrically compensated telescope design that eliminates the complex temporal variation and wavelength dependence of the telescope Mueller matrix, and an instrument suite containing several (etalon-based) tunable imaging spectropolarimeters and several integral field unit spectropolarimeters. This publication summarises some fundamental science questions that can be addressed with the telescope, together with a complete description of its major subsystems

A simple paradigm for nooconomics, the economy of knowledge

International audienceThe human noosphere and its inner dynamic are forming a fascinating yet poorly understood multiscale complex system, in which one may represent the interaction of individual knowledge holders and their collective dynamic. Here I propose a simple, improvable paradigm for noodynamics (the study of knowledge flows) and nooconomics at large (the economy of knowledge) based on two intrinsic properties of knowledge-its prolificity and collegiality-and on three simple transfer laws capturing some fundamental differences between material and immaterial economics, namely 1) that knowledge exchanges , unlike property exchanges, are flows, and thus time-dependent, 2) that knowledge exchanges are positive sum, unlike material exchanges and 3) that combinations of knowledge are non linear. I then make a suggestion for a basic knowledge flow equation, namely that transferred knowledge is proportional to the product of spent attention and time, and discuss some of its social and political implications. keywords: knowledge economy, noosphere, multiscale dynamic, knowledge flow, noodynam-ics The purpose of this article is to outline a simple and improvable paradigm for noody-namics, the study of knowledge flows. If we endow this paradigm with an economic perspective, and consider its agents buyers and sellers, it can then also be considered an early working paradigm, or more precisely, an early building block towards a working paradigm, for nooconomics, the economy of knowledge. I thus attempt to demonstrate that noodynamics can be codified extremely simply, although not entirely , and will leave the many exceptions to the present paradigm to discussion