PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE REQUIREMENTS: THE VIEWS OF SEVERAL PHYSICAL AND SPORTS EDUCATION TEACHERS (CASE IN MOSTAGANEM PROVINCE, ALGERIA)

The purpose of this study was to identify the opinions of Physical and Sports Education (PSE) teachers regarding professional competence and the specific requirements of the work. A questionnaire was drawn up and sent to 85 PSE teachers in secondary schools based the Mostaganem “Wilaya” or Province in Algeria. The findings indicate that this group of teachers could not clearly define general or specific competence. However, they largely agreed that the teacher/coach plays a very important role in establishing the professional competence of trainees. Competence that is specific to PSE is described in studies as “how to apply competence by competence the approach to teaching PSE” and “knowing how to apply legislation”. None of the teachers responding cited a basic competence in the professional sphere, described in the literature: sound knowledge of legislation and administrative procedures. In addition, the findings show that the teachers are not satisfied with the training they received and that it does not enable them to reinvest their training in their professional role. From the opinions expressed by the population studied, their training does not encourage professionalism. This finding is also confirmed by research by Laroua et al (2014)

Effects of physical exercise on butyrylcholinesterase in obese adolescents

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a 12 week program of physical exercise (PE) on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in obese adolescents. This study compared obese adolescents (N = 54) before and after PE, regarding the relative intensity (RI) and activity of different molecular forms (G1, G2, G4 and G1-ALB) of BChE found in plasma. Waist circumference (WC) and lipid profile were also assessed before and after PE. It was shown that before PE, mean plasma BChE activity was significantly higher in obese than in non-obese adolescents and that it was significantly reduced after PE, becoming similar to that found in non-obese adolescents. Lipid profile and WC also changed in response to PE. These results are consistent with studies that found a correlation between BChE and lipid metabolism and suggest that PE may have led to a physiological regularization of plasma BChE activity. Although mean BChE activity of each isoform was significantly reduced by PE, their RI did not change. This is in accordance with a previous suggestion that this proportion is maintained under factors such as obesity, and may therefore be important for BChE functions. Key words: BChE activity; physical exercise, obesity. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) is coded by BCHE gene (3q26.1-q26.2), synthesized in the liver and distributed to several parts of the organism. Plasmatic BChE is found in four possible homomeric forms (G1 monomers, G2 dimmers, G3 trimers and G4 tetramers) or heteromeric forms formed in association with other proteins, such as albumin, G1-Alb (Masson, 1989). Several studies verified that BChE has a role in lipid metabolism The aim of this study was to compare the relative intensity (RI) of BChE isoforms revealed as bands (G1, G1-Alb, G2 and G4) in obese adolescents before and after 12 weeks of physical exercise (PE), and to search for a correlation between RI of BChE isoform bands, plasma BChE activity and PE. The sample comprised 54 obese adolescents (BMI above percentile 95 and mean age 12.6 ± 2.01), these being participants of a 12 week program of physical exercise. Aerobic exercise consisted of 50 to 100 min activity during the first four weeks. Intensity was set at 35%-55% of VO 2 peak, and was increased to 55%-75% during the next eight weeks. Plasma was sampled at baseline and after terminating the program. A sample of non-obese adolescents (N = 45; mean age 13.3 ± 2.15) was used to measure plasma BChE activity. The detection and analysis of BChE bands in plasma was made according to Mean plasma BChE activity was significantly reduced after the 12 weeks program (before: 7.66 ± 2.64 KU/L, after: 5.89 ± 2.34 KU/L; t = 2.96, p = 0.008). Accompanying BChE activity, waist circumference (WC; before: 97.41 ± 11.20 cm, after: 94.62 ± 10.51 cm, t = 3.6 and p = 0.03), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C; before: 94.45 ± 20.83 mg/dL, after: 86.00 ± 16.37 mg/dL, t = 2.77 and p = 0.012) and triglycerides (TG; before: 114.30 ± 57.14 mg/dL, after: 82.75 ± 42.66 mg/dL, t = 3.1 and p = 0.006) also showed significant reduction with PE

Corporeality, equality and education. A biopedagogical perspective

N/

The machine body metaphor: From science and technology to physical education and sport, in France (1825–1935)

International audienceThe long history of the conception of physical exercise in France may be viewed as a function of a series of changes in understanding the body. Scientific concepts were used to present the body in official texts by authors specializing in the subject, or to describe them, as did Michel Foucault, as epistemic 1 changes. A departure occurred during the 19th century that is clearly demonstrated in the writings of Gustave Adolphe Hirn. This breakthrough concerned the idea of considering the organism as an energy-generating machine. This metaphor was employed in describing the body during physical exercise from the 17th to the 19th centuries, when the body was thought of as mechanical. Such metaphors were used by the most relevant figures writing at the end of the 19th century in the rationale that is examined in this paper. It shows how Hirn, Marey, Lagrange, Demenij, Hebert, and Tissié saw the body and how they employed machine metaphors when referring to it. These machine metaphors are analyzed from the time of their scientific and technological origins up to their current use in physical and sports education. This analysis will contribute to the understanding of how a scientific metaphor comes to be in common use and may lead to particular exercise practices

Building Of Hygien Pedagogy In Brazil As A Population Control System (end Of 19th Century - 1931) [la Constitution D'une Pédagogie De L'hygiène Au Brésil Comme Système De Contrôle (fin Du Xixe Siècle - 1931)]

In the first decades of the 20th century, influenced by thought theories developed in Europe, brazilian cities are invaded by an ideal of health, linked to a regular practice of sports and Physical Education. These practices educate the body for another discipline necessary to the urban life and, it is the school, through Physical Education, which will impose new behaviors and bodies. Historical method was chosen for the development of this research and the main sources analyzed were: Records of proceedings from the Brazilian Association of Education (1924-1936); Annals from Ist, IIId and Vth Brazilian Congress of Hygiene (1923; 1926; 1929); Annals from the 1st Brazilian Congress of Eugenics (1929); Bulletins of Mental Hygiene and Eugenics (1929-1931). Study realized from that sources, allowed putting in obviousness the constitution of a power control system. © De Boeck Université.7444767ANDRIEU, G., (1988) L'Homme et la force, , Paris, ActioANDRIEU, G., (1990) L'Éducation physique au XXe siècle en France. Une histoire des pratiques, , Paris, ActioARNAUD, P., (1983) Les savoirs du corps, , Lyon, PULARNAUD, P., (1991) Le militaire, l'écolier, le gymnaste : Naissance de l'Éducation physique en France. (1869-1889), , Lyon, PULATTALI, M., ET, S., AINT, M., ARTIN, J., (2004) L'Éducation physique de 1945 à nos jours. Les étapes de la démocratisation, , Paris, Armand Colin(2006) L'univers professionnel des enseignants d'éducation physique de 1940 à nos jours, , ATTALI, M, éd, Paris, VuibertAZEVEDO, F. DE. (1960) Da Educação Física. 3a ed. São Paulo, MelhoramentosBLOCH, M. [s. d.] Introdução à história. 5a ed. Lisboa, Europa- AméricaCANTARINO, F., ILHO, M.R., (1982) A Educação Física no Estado Novo : História e doutrina, , Brasília, Universidade de Brasília. Dissertação Mestrado em EducaçãoCARVALHO, M.-C. DE. (1989) A escola e a República. São Paulo, BrasilienseCARVALHO, M.-C., (1981) A construção da ordem : A elite política imperial, , Brasília, Editora da Universidade de BrasíliaCARVALHO, M.-C., Molde nacional e fôrma cívica : Higiene, moral e trabalho no projeto da Associação Brasileira de Educação (ABE) (1924-1931) (1998) Bragança Paulista/SP, , EDUSFCOSTA, N.R., Estado, Educação e Sociedade : A higiene da vida quotidiana (1984) Cahiers Cedes, pp. 5-27. , 4DANAILLOF, K., (2002) Corpos e cidades : Lugares da educação, , Campinas. Faculdade de Educação. UNICAMP. Dissertação Mestrado em EducaçãoDEWEY, J., (1979) Democracia e Educação, , 4a ed. São Paulo, Companhia Editora NacionalDURKHEIM, E., (1983) Da divisão do trabalho social, , 2a ed. São Paulo, Abril CulturalELIAS, N., (1992) A busca da excitação, , Lisboa, DifelFERREIRA, N., ETO, A., (1999) A pedagogia no exército e na escola : A educação física brasileira (1880-1950, , Vitória/ES, AracruzFREIRE, G., (1996) Sobrados e mucambos : Uma introdução à história da sociedade patriarcal no Brasil, , 9a ed. Rio de Janeiro, RecordFREIRE, G., Ordem e progresso, , s. d, 3a. ed, Livraria José OlímpioFONTENELLE, Parecer sobre o thema XII Formação de hábitos sadios nas creançasestudo pedagógico (1926) Annaes do Congresso Brasiliero de Hygiene, 3, p. 935. , São PauloFOUCAULT, M., (1985) Microfísica do poder, , 5a ed. Rio de Janeiro, GraalGLEYSE, J., (1995) Archéologie de l'éducation physique au XXe siècle en France, , Le Corps occculté. Paris, PUFGLEYSE, J., (1997) L'instrumentalisation du corps : Une archéologie de la rationalization instrumentale du corps, de l'Âge classique à l'époque hypermoderne, , Paris, L'HamattanGOELLNER, S.V., Bela, maternal e feminina : Imagens da mulher na Revista Educação Physica. Campinas, UNICAMP (1999) Tese (Doutorado em Educação Física)KEHL, (1929) Boletim de Eugénia, Année I, 8, p. 1LEÃO, C., Formação de hábitos sadios nas creanças (1926) Annaes do Congresso Brasiliero de Hygiene, 3, p. 871. , São PauloLIMA, G.Z. DE. (1985). Saúde escolar e educação. São Paulo, CortezLINHALES, M.A., Escolarizar o esporte e esportivizar a escola : Projetos culturais postos em circulação nas décadas de 1930 e 1940 no Brasil. Belo Horizonte, UFMG (2003) Projeto de Tese, , Doutorado em Educação FísicaLOURENÇO, F., ILHO, M.B., (1978) Introdução ao estudo da Escola Nova, , São Paulo, MelhoramentosLUZ, M.T., (1982) Medicina e ordem política brasileira : Política e instituições de saúde no Brasil (1850-1930), , Rio de Janeiro, GraalLUZ, M.-T., (1988) Natural, racional, social: Razão médica e racionalidade científica moderna, , Rio de Janeiro, CampusMARTIN, J.-L., (1999) La politique de l'Éducation physique sous la Ve République. L'Élan gaullien. 1958-1968, , Paris, PUFMARTIN, J.-L., (2001) La politique de l'Éducation physique sous la Ve République. La conquête de l'Éducation Nationale, , Paris, ChironMARTIN, J.-L., (2004) La politique de l'Éducation physique sous la Ve République. La terre promise, , Paris, ChironMELO, B.V. DE. (1902). A hygiene na escola. São Paulo, Typographia do Diário OfficialMORAIS, C. DE. (1935). A organização de Institutos ou Escolas de Educação Fisica. in Annaes, Congresso Brasileiro de Educação, VII, Rio de Janeiro, 125-135NOVAES, M.D., (1979) A puericultura em questão, , São Paulo, USP/SP. Dissertação Mestrado em EducaçãoOLIVEIRA, W., Formação de hábitos sadios nas creanças (1926) Annaes do Congresso Brasiliero de Hygiene, 3, p. 801. , São PauloRAGO, M., (1985) Do cabaré ao lar: A utopia da cidade disciplinar : Brasil 1890-1930, , Rio de Janeiro, Paz e TerraRAUCH, A., (1983) Le souci du corps, , Paris, PUFROCHA, H.P., A higienizaçã o dos costures : Educação e saúde no projeto do Instituto de Hygiene de São Paulo (2003) Campinas, Mercado de Letras/FAPESPROMANO, R., Conservadorismo romântico (1981) Origem do Totalitarismo, , São Paulo, BrasilienseROSEN, G., (1979) Da polícia médica à medicina social: Ensaios sobre a história da assistência médica, , Rio de Janeiro, GraalROTERDÃO, E., (1978) Civilidade pueril, , 1530, Lisboa, EstampaSAINT, M., ARTIN, J., (2005) L'Éducation physique à l'épreuve de la nation, , Paris, VuibertSCHWARTZ, L.M., (1983) O espetáculo das raças : Cientistas, instituições e questão racial no Brasil-1870-1930, , São Paulo, Companhia das LetrasSINGER, P., CAMPOS, O. & OLIVEIRA, E. M. DE. (1981). Prevenir e curar: o controle social através dos serviços de saúde. Rio de Janeiro, Forence UniversitáriaSOARES, C.L. (1990). O pensamento médico higienista e a Educação Física no Brasil: 1850- 1930. São Paulo, PUC/SP. Dissertação (Mestrado em Filosofia e História da Educação)SOARES, C.L., (1994) Educação Física : Raízes européias e Brasil, , 3a ed. Campinas, Autores AssociadosSOARES, C.L., (1998) Imagens da educação do corpo : Estudo a partir da ginástica francesa no século XIX, , Campinas, Autores AssociadosSPINOLA, C., (1926) Annaes do Congresso Brasiliero de Hygiene, 3. , São PauloSOUZA, J., Da educação physica e inspeção médica nas escolas (1907) Annaes do Congresso Brasileiro de Medecina e Cirurgia, , São PauloTHIBAULT, J., (1971) Sport et éducation physique en France 1870-1970, , Paris, VrinTHIBAULT, J., (1977) Les aventures du corps dans la pédagogie française, , Paris, VrinVAGO, T.M., Cultura escolar, cultivo de corpos: Educação physica e gymnastica como práticas constitutivas dos corpos das crianças no ensino público primário de Belo Horizonte (1906-1920) (2002) Bragança Paulista, , EDUSFVIGARELLO, G., (1978) Les corps redressé : Histoire d'un pouvoir pédagogique, , Paris, Jean-Pierre DelargeVIGARELLO, G., La pastorale de la misère (1985) Le propre et le sale : L'hygiène du corpos depuis le Moyen Âge, , Paris, Le SeuilVIGARELLO, G., (1993) Le sain et le malsain : Santé et mieux-être depuis le Moyen Âge, , Paris, Le SeuilARNAUD, P. (1999) Éducation physique et santé. Quand Lyon faisait la politique de la France. In Sport et Santé dans l'histoire. ISHPES-Studies, 7, 129-143NUNES, C., A escola primária numa perspectiva histórica (Distrito Federal/1922-1928) (1984) Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos, pp. 538-550. , Brasília, 65, 151COSTA, NILSON DO ROSÁ RIO (1984) Estado, Educação e Sociedade: a higiene da vida cotidiana. In Cadernos Cedes, São Paulo, 4, 5-27HASSE, M, 1999) Sport et Santé au Portugal. In Sport et Santé dans l'histoire. ISHPES-Studies, 7, 29-37. Revista Educação Physica (1934, ano III, 4, 1934. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte. Campinas, Autores Associados, 25. Revista Movimento (2003, Porto Alegre, Escola Superior de Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 9, 2, maio/ago.8-Revista Movimento (2003, Porto Alegre, Escola Superior de Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 9, 3, set./dez. Revista Movimento (2005, Porto Alegre, Escola Superior de Educação Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 11, 2, maio/ago. Revista Pro-Posições, 2003) Campinas, Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp, 14, 241, maio/ag