1,706 research outputs found
Self-trapped electrons and holes in PbBr crystals
We have directly observed self-trapped electrons and holes in PbBr
crystals with electron-spin-resonance (ESR) technique. The self-trapped states
are induced below 8 K by two-photon interband excitation with pulsed
120-fs-width laser light at 3.10 eV. Spin-Hamiltonian analyses of the ESR
signals have revealed that the self-trapping electron centers are the dimer
molecules of Pb along the crystallographic a axis and the
self-trapping hole centers are those of Br with two possible
configurations in the unit cell of the crystal. Thermal stability of the
self-trapped electrons and holes suggests that both of them are related to the
blue-green luminescence band at 2.55 eV coming from recombination of spatially
separated electron-hole pairs.Comment: 8 pages (7 figures, 2 tables), ReVTEX; revised the text and figures
1, 4, and
Self-trapped states and the related luminescence in PbCl crystals
We have comprehensively investigated localized states of photoinduced
electron-hole pairs with electron-spin-resonance technique and
photoluminescence (PL) in a wide temperature range of 5-200 K. At low
temperatures below 70 K, holes localize on Pb ions and form
self-trapping hole centers of Pb. The holes transfer to other trapping
centers above 70 K. On the other hand, electrons localize on two Pb ions
at higher than 50 K and form self-trapping electron centers of Pb.
From the thermal stability of the localized states and PL, we clarify that
blue-green PL band at 2.50 eV is closely related to the self-trapped holes.Comment: 8 pages (10 figures), ReVTEX; removal of one figure, Fig. 3 in the
version
Trends in Competition and Profitability in the Banking Industry: A Basic Framework
This paper brings to the forefront the assumptions that we make when focusing on a particular type of explanation for bank profitability. We evaluate a broad field of research by introducing a general framework for a profit maximizing bank and demonstrate how different types of models can be fitted into this framework. Next, we present an overview of the current major trends in European banking and relate them to each modelâs assumptions, thereby shedding light on the relevance, timeliness and shelf life of the different models. This way, we arrive at a set of recommendations for a future research agenda. We advocate a more prominent role for output prices, and suggest a modification of the intermediation approach. We also suggest ways to more clearly distinguish between market power and efficiency, and explain why we need time-dependent models. Finally, we propose the application of existing models to different size classes and sub-markets. Throughout we emphasize the benefits from applying several, complementary models to overcome the identification problems that we observe in individual models.
Designing a web-based learning support system for flow-chart proving in school geometry
This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.As international research confirms, many secondary school students can find
it difficult to construct mathematical proofs. In this article, we explain the pedagogical
and technological underpinnings of a web-based learning support system for students
who are just starting to tackle deductive proving in geometry. We show how the system
was designed to enable students to access the study of proofs in geometry by tackling
proof problems where they can âdragâ sides, angles and triangles from the figural
diagram of the problem to on-screen cells within a flow-chart proof format. When
doing so, the system automatically converts the figural elements to their symbolic form
and identifies any of four kinds of errors in the learnersâ proof attempts, providing
relevant feedback on-screen. We use empirical examples from our pilot studies to
illustrate how this combination of technological features and systematic feedback can
support student understanding of the structure of proof and how to plan one. Finally, we
point out some limitations to mathematical expression and the usage of the flow-chart
format, and indicate the prospect of minimizing such limitations by adopting a learning
progression for the introductory lessons concerning deductive proofs.This research is supported by the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation (No. 7599/8141)
and the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 26590230, 15 K12375, 16H02068, 16H03057), Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. Special thanks to Yoichi Murakami who
programmed this web-based system
Designing a web-based learning support system for flow-chart proving in school geometry
This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.As international research confirms, many secondary school students can find
it difficult to construct mathematical proofs. In this article, we explain the pedagogical
and technological underpinnings of a web-based learning support system for students
who are just starting to tackle deductive proving in geometry. We show how the system
was designed to enable students to access the study of proofs in geometry by tackling
proof problems where they can âdragâ sides, angles and triangles from the figural
diagram of the problem to on-screen cells within a flow-chart proof format. When
doing so, the system automatically converts the figural elements to their symbolic form
and identifies any of four kinds of errors in the learnersâ proof attempts, providing
relevant feedback on-screen. We use empirical examples from our pilot studies to
illustrate how this combination of technological features and systematic feedback can
support student understanding of the structure of proof and how to plan one. Finally, we
point out some limitations to mathematical expression and the usage of the flow-chart
format, and indicate the prospect of minimizing such limitations by adopting a learning
progression for the introductory lessons concerning deductive proofs.This research is supported by the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation (No. 7599/8141)
and the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 26590230, 15 K12375, 16H02068, 16H03057), Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan. Special thanks to Yoichi Murakami who
programmed this web-based system
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Effects of logging on the growth of juvenile coho salmon
The objective of this research was to study the effects of increased water temperature characteristic of clearcut watersheds of Pacific coastal streams upon the growth rate of juvenile coho salmon. The natural temperature fluctuations of the stream were used in the study of growth of underyearling fish held in aquariums and fed at various consumption levels. Juvenile coho experiencing the cooler temperatures of the control stream demonstrated generally better growth rates than did those that experienced the warmer temperatures of the clearcut stream. The reduced maintenance requirements in the control experiment indicated a reduced basal metabolic demand, which allowed for a greater portion of the food consumed to be utilized for growth. This was particularly true at low levels of consumption. Growth rates of juvenile coho salmon in the wild state were found to be higher in the logged stream as compared to the unlogged stream. This difference from the experimental results is thought to be due to a change in availability and abundance of food. There was a marked decrease in the cutthroat trout population in the clearcut stream, which may have reduced competition for the coho salmon. Increased exposure of the stream to solar radiation also may have permitted en increase in primary production essential for small organisms upon which the juvenile coho feed. There was no apparent influence of infestation by salmon poisoning fluke on the condition of the juvenile coho
The dimensions of the sphenoid sinuses: evaluation before the functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Background: The following study aimed to evaluate the dimensions (anteroposterior, transverse and vertical) of the sphenoid sinuses in the adult population. Materials and methods: The study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of the computed tomography (CT) scans of the paranasal sinuses of 296 patients (147 females and 149 males), who did not present any pathology in the sphenoid sinuses. The CT scans of the paranasal sinuses were done with the spiral CT scanner, without using any contrast medium. After obtaining transverse planes, frontal and sagittal planes were created using secondary reconstruction tool. Results: The anteroposterior dimension was found to be 2.65 cm on average, in the range of 0.5â4.3 cm. The transverse dimension was on average 1.98 cm, ranging from 0.5 cm to 4.9 cm. The average vertical dimension was found to be 2.1 cm, in the range of 0.7â3.7 cm. Conclusions: Due to the high incidence of the anatomical variants of the paranasal sinuses, a CT scan is recommended in all patients before a planned surgery in order to avoid the potential iatrogenic complications. Dimensions of the sphenoid sinuses might point towards more at risk variants, but there is still a substantial amount of research that needs to be done in that aspect
Nanoscale Weibull Statistics
In this paper a modification of the classical Weibull Statistics is developed
for nanoscale applications. It is called Nanoscale Weibull Statistics. A
comparison between Nanoscale and classical Weibull Statistics applied to
experimental results on fracture strength of carbon nanotubes clearly shows the
effectiveness of the proposed modification. A Weibull's modulus around 3 is,
for the first time, deduced for nanotubes. The approach can treat (also) a
small number of structural defects, as required for nearly defect free
structures (e.g., nanotubes) as well as a quantized crack propagation (e.g., as
a consequence of the discrete nature of matter), allowing to remove the
paradoxes caused by the presence of stress-intensifications
Revisiting the exercise heart rate-music tempo preference relationship
In the present study, we investigated a hypothesized quartic relationship (meaning three inflection points) between exercise heart rate (HR) and preferred music tempo. Initial theoretical predictions suggested a positive linear relationship (Iwanaga, 1995a, 1995b); however, recent experimental work has shown that as exercise HR increases, step changes and plateaus that punctuate the profile of music tempo preference may occur (Karageorghis, Jones, & Stuart, 2008). Tempi bands consisted of slow (95â100 bpm), medium
(115â120 bpm), fast (135â140 bpm), and very fast (155â160 bpm) music. Twenty-eight active undergraduate students cycled at exercise intensities representing 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of their maximal HR reserve while their music preference was assessed using a 10-point scale. The Exercise Intensity x Music Tempo interaction was significant, F(6.16, 160.05) = 7.08, p < .001, ηp 2 =.21, as was the test for both cubic and quartic trajectories in the exercise HRâpreferred-music-tempo relationship (p < .001). Whereas slow tempo music was not preferred at any exercise intensity, preference for fast tempo increased, relative to medium and very fast tempo music, as exercise intensity increased. The implications for the prescription of music in exercise and physical activity contexts are discussed
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