Author Correction: Changes in Distribution of Dry Eye Disease by the New 2016 Diagnostic Criteria from the Asia Dry Eye Society.

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Network Homophily and the Evolution of the Pay-It-Forward Reciprocity

The pay-it-forward reciprocity is a type of cooperative behavior that people who have benefited from others return favors to third parties other than the benefactors, thus pushing forward a cascade of kindness. The phenomenon of the pay-it-forward reciprocity is ubiquitous, yet how it evolves to be part of human sociality has not been fully understood. We develop an evolutionary dynamics model to investigate how network homophily influences the evolution of the pay-it-forward reciprocity. Manipulating the extent to which actors carrying the same behavioral trait are linked in networks, the computer simulation model shows that strong network homophily helps consolidate the adaptive advantage of cooperation, yet introducing some heterophily to the formation of network helps advance cooperation's scale further. Our model enriches the literature of inclusive fitness theory by demonstrating the conditions under which cooperation or reciprocity can be selected for in evolution when social interaction is not confined exclusively to relatives

Population Genetic Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Using a Customized Illumina GoldenGate Genotyping Assay

The diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum genome can be used to explore parasite population dynamics, with practical applications to malaria control. The ability to identify the geographic origin and trace the migratory patterns of parasites with clinically important phenotypes such as drug resistance is particularly relevant. With increasing single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery from ongoing Plasmodium genome sequencing projects, a demand for high SNP and sample throughput genotyping platforms for large-scale population genetic studies is required. Low parasitaemias and multiple clone infections present a number of challenges to genotyping P. falciparum. We addressed some of these issues using a custom 384-SNP Illumina GoldenGate assay on P. falciparum DNA from laboratory clones (long-term cultured adapted parasite clones), short-term cultured parasite isolates and clinical (non-cultured isolates) samples from East and West Africa, Southeast Asia and Oceania. Eighty percent of the SNPs (n = 306) produced reliable genotype calls on samples containing as little as 2 ng of total genomic DNA and on whole genome amplified DNA. Analysis of artificial mixtures of laboratory clones demonstrated high genotype calling specificity and moderate sensitivity to call minor frequency alleles. Clear resolution of geographically distinct populations was demonstrated using Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and global patterns of population genetic diversity were consistent with previous reports. These results validate the utility of the platform in performing population genetic studies of P. falciparum

Mutations observed in mitochondrial DNA of salmon collected in Mano River, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan

On March 11, 2011, a great earthquake occurred off the east coast of Honshu Island, Japan. The consequent breakdown of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) caused a massive release of radionuclides into terrestrial and marine environments and into the atmosphere. The Abukuma Mountains region is one of the areas highly polluted by this accident. Freshwater fishes continued to live in this area after the FNPP accident became so polluted. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) usually transfers from the mother to the next generation clonally. Therefore, it is one of the best genetic predictors of the effect of radiation on DNA. The influence of radiation can be presumed by comparing mtDNA between larval fish and their female parent. mtDNA of masu salmon was collected from an area highly polluted, namely, the upstream portion of Mano River, and compared it with that from nonpolluted cultured masu salmon. While no mutations were observed in the cultured masu salmon, those collected from Mano River exhibited three types of subdivisions in the Cytb region and two types of subdivisions in the D-loop region of mtDNA. These results suggest that exposure to radioactive cesium causes a base exchange in DNA. But the mutations observed were not serious enough to affect the masu salmon phenotype