Prevalence of Progressive Periodontal Disease in the Population of Zagreb

Epidemiološka ispitivanja parodontnih bolesti pokazuju da je potrebno ispitati čestoću posebnih oblika progresivnih parodontnih bolesti, juvenilnog i rapidno progresivnog parodontitisa. Te bolesti počinju u mladenačkoj dobi pa zato zahtijevaju rano prepoznavanje i prikladan tretman. Na uzorku od 1202 ispitanika populacije grada Zagreba, prihvatljivom za ovo istraživanje, ispitivali smo s pomoću CPITN-a čestoću juvenilnog i rapidno progresivnog parodontitisa, te usporedili odnos udjela progresivnih oblika parodontne destrukcije prema drugim vrstama parodontnih bolesti. Ispitanici su bili školska djeca, radnici i službenici svrstani u dobne skupine: 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-44 i > 55 godina. Za procjenu stanja parodonta primijenili smo CPITN koji čini srednji broj sekstanata ispitanika u kojih se javlja krvarenje iz gingivnoga sulkusa, zubni kamenac, te plići ili dublji parodontni džepovi. Dodatni kriteriji za procjenu tih oblika parodontitisa u mlađoj dobi bili su: jače izraženi upalni simptomi na gingivi, aktivni i dublji parodontni džepovi, te klimavost zuba. Statističkom obradom podataka, primjenom programa STATJOB-a dobiveni su rezultati koji pokazuju da prevalencija progresivnih parodontitisa na području grada Zagreba iznosi 4,1% (juvenilnog 0,6% i rapidnog 3,5%). Čestoća gingivitisa kao početnog oblika parodontne bolesti mnogo je veća i iznosi do 82% u mlađoj dobi, a čestoća parodontne bolesti u odraslih također je visoka i iznosi 80%. Ispitali smo i čestoću pojedinih stupnjeva parodontne destrukcije. Tako je postotak osoba s dubokim parodontnim džepovima u skupini s juvenilnim i rapidno progresivnim parodontitisom bio 87,7%, a u skupini s adultnim parodontitisom 9,5 %, što upozorava na teži oblik parodontne destrukcije u skupini s juvenilnim i rapidno progresivnim parodontitisom. Primjena CPITN-a pokazala se je orijentacijskom metodom kojom smo dobili uvid u prevalenciju ispitivanih oblika parodontne destrukcije te upotrebe tretmana. Na taj smo način izdvojili iz populacije pojedinačne slučajeva progresivnih parodontitisa koji traže daljnje kliničke pretrage i terapiju.Epidemiological research of periodontal disease indicates the prevalence of special forms of progressive periodontal diseases, juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis. These diseases start in early adolescence, therefore need to be diagnosed early and adequately treated. We examined by CPITN the prevalence of juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis in 1202 subjects (who were adequate for our purpose). They were all residents of the city of Zagreb. Also we compared the relationship of progressive forms of periodontal destruction with some other forms of periodontal disease. The subjects were school children, workers and clerks, divided in to age groups 15- 19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-44, 45-54 and >55. For periodontal status evaluation we used the CPITN-community periodontal index of treatment requirements. The index consisted of the mean number of sextants of the population with sulcus bleeding, calculus, shallow and deep pockets. Additional criteria for evaluation of progressive forms of periodontal disease by use of CPITN was based upon more intensive inflammatory symptoms on the gingiva, active and deep periodontal pockets and removable dentures. After statistical analysis the results of the STATJOB programme revealed that the prevalence of progressive periodontitis in Zagreb was 4.1% ( 0.6% for the juvenile form and 3.5% for the rapid form). The incidence of gingivitis, the initial form of the periodontal disease, was much greater, in youngsters 82%, and the incidence of periodontal disease in adults was also high, 80%. Furthermore, the incidence of some forms of periodontal destruction was also tested. The percentage of subjects with deep periodontal pockets in juvenile and rapid periodontitis was 87.7%, and in adults periodontitis 9.5%, which indicates more severe forms of periodontal destruction in the group with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontits. The use of CPITN was an orientational method that showed us the prevalence of the tested forms and the treatment needs. In this way we separated from the population cases with progressive periodontitis that need further clinical tests and adequate therapy

Uloga citomegalovirusne infekcije u patogenezi parodontne bolesti

The main characteristic of periodontal disease is chronic inflammation that leads to progressive destruction of the connective tissues and bone with subsequent tooth mobility and finally tooth loss. Traditionally, the pathogenesis of periodontitis was based on the infection caused by bacteria that colonize tooth surface and gingival sulcus. Accumulated evidence show that host response factors such as inflammatory reaction and activation of the innate immune system are critical to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease has been widely recognized as a chronic disease but the nature of chronicity remains unclear. The question is whether periodontal disease is a continuous process or consists of episodes of exacerbations and remissions. Maybe cytomegalovirus infection of the periodontium, depending on the latent or active phase of infection, can partly explain the episodic progressive nature of periodontal disease. Cytomegalovirus infection impairs periodontal defense and permits overgrowth of periodontopathogenic bacteria. Owing to advances in new technologies, experimental evidence show the influence and interrelatedness of genomic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Data on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease are reviewed.Glavna značajka parodontne bolesti je kronična upala koja vodi progresivnom razaranju vezivnog tkiva i kosti s posljedičnim klimanjem i na kraju ispadanjem zuba. Tradicionalno, patogeneza parodontitisa se temelji na infekciji uzrokovanoj bakterijama koje koloniziraju površinu zuba i gingivnog sulkusa. Dostupna literatura pokazuje da su činitelji obrane domaćina kao što je upalna reakcija i aktiviranje prirođenog imunog sustava presudno važni u patogenezi parodontne bolesti. Općenito se smatra da je parodontna bolest kronična, iako narav kroniciteta nije u potpunosti jasna. Pitanje je je li parodontna bolest trajan proces ili se sastoji od niza epizoda egzacerbacija i remisija. Moguće je da citomegalovirusna infekcija parodontnog tkiva, ovisno o latentnoj ili aktivnoj fazi infekcije, može djelomice objasniti progresivnu narav parodontne bolesti koja se javlja u epizodama. Citomegalovirusna infekcija smanjuje obranu parodontnog tkiva i tako omogućuje prekomjeran rast parodontopatogenih bakterija. Zahvaljujući napretku u razvoju novih tehnologija eksperimentalni podatci pokazuju utjecaj i međusobnu povezanost genomskih, epigenetskih, proteomskih i metaboličnih čimbenika u patogenezi parodontne bolesti. U ovom se radu daje pregled spoznaja vezanih za parodontnu bolest

Complications of central venous catheter use in neonates

Uspostava centralnog venskog pristupa najčešći je invazivni postupak u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja novorođenčadi. Centralni venski pristup neophodan je za dugoročnu primjenu tekućine, parenteralne prehrane i lijekova, uzimanje uzoraka krvi za laboratorijske pretrage i invazivni monitoring životno ugrožene novorođenčadi. Osim prednosti koju ostvaruju, primjena centralnih venskih katetera može uzrokovati brojne, često i životno ugrožavajuće komplikacije poput sepse, perikardijalnog izljeva s ili bez tamponade, pleuralnog izljeva, erozije jetrenog parenhima ili tromboze. Da bi spriječili nastanak komplikacija potrebno je pridržavati se aseptičkih mjera tijekom njihovog uvođenja i njege, redovito provjeravati poziciju vrha katetera i odstraniti ga čim nestane razlog zbog kojeg smo ga primijenili. Ovaj rad prikazuje osobitost primjene, osnovna obilježja i komplikacije nastale zbog centralnih venskih katetera u novorođenčadi te rezultate retrospektivnog istraživanja kohorte bolesnika liječene u Zavodu za neonatologiju i intenzivno liječenje Kliničkog bolničkog centra Zagreb i Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu tijekom 2011. godine s posebnim osvrtom na nastanak komplikacija.Insertion of central venous catheter is the most common invasive procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit. Indications for the usage of these catheters are countless and the most important are parenteral nutrition, infusion of fluids, blood sampling, parenteral administration of drugs, and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Besides the great benefits brought on by the application of these catheters, complications caused by their use are numerous, and some of them are often life-threatening such as catheter-related bloodstream infection, pericardial effusion with or without cardiac tamponade, pleural effusion, liver injury and catheter-related thrombosis. Simple precautions taken during the insertion, vigilance on the maintenance, and proper catheter position is of paramount importance to avoid development of severe complications. They should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed. This graduation thesis discusses various aspects of central venous catheterisation in newborn infants, using umbilical venous catheters and peripherally inserted central venous catheters, including the results of a retrospective review study among hospitalised neonates at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb Medical School, with special emphasis on catheter-related complications

Complications of central venous catheter use in neonates

Uspostava centralnog venskog pristupa najčešći je invazivni postupak u jedinicama intenzivnog liječenja novorođenčadi. Centralni venski pristup neophodan je za dugoročnu primjenu tekućine, parenteralne prehrane i lijekova, uzimanje uzoraka krvi za laboratorijske pretrage i invazivni monitoring životno ugrožene novorođenčadi. Osim prednosti koju ostvaruju, primjena centralnih venskih katetera može uzrokovati brojne, često i životno ugrožavajuće komplikacije poput sepse, perikardijalnog izljeva s ili bez tamponade, pleuralnog izljeva, erozije jetrenog parenhima ili tromboze. Da bi spriječili nastanak komplikacija potrebno je pridržavati se aseptičkih mjera tijekom njihovog uvođenja i njege, redovito provjeravati poziciju vrha katetera i odstraniti ga čim nestane razlog zbog kojeg smo ga primijenili. Ovaj rad prikazuje osobitost primjene, osnovna obilježja i komplikacije nastale zbog centralnih venskih katetera u novorođenčadi te rezultate retrospektivnog istraživanja kohorte bolesnika liječene u Zavodu za neonatologiju i intenzivno liječenje Kliničkog bolničkog centra Zagreb i Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu tijekom 2011. godine s posebnim osvrtom na nastanak komplikacija.Insertion of central venous catheter is the most common invasive procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit. Indications for the usage of these catheters are countless and the most important are parenteral nutrition, infusion of fluids, blood sampling, parenteral administration of drugs, and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Besides the great benefits brought on by the application of these catheters, complications caused by their use are numerous, and some of them are often life-threatening such as catheter-related bloodstream infection, pericardial effusion with or without cardiac tamponade, pleural effusion, liver injury and catheter-related thrombosis. Simple precautions taken during the insertion, vigilance on the maintenance, and proper catheter position is of paramount importance to avoid development of severe complications. They should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed. This graduation thesis discusses various aspects of central venous catheterisation in newborn infants, using umbilical venous catheters and peripherally inserted central venous catheters, including the results of a retrospective review study among hospitalised neonates at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb Medical School, with special emphasis on catheter-related complications

Parameter identification in the mathematical model of glucose and insulin tolerance test - the mathematical markers of diabetes

Glucose tolerance test (GTT) is standard diagnostic procedure that tests the efficiency of blood glucose-lowering hormones (insulin, incretins, leptin). Contrary, insulin tolerance test (ITT) is probing efficiency of blood glucose-rising hormones (glucagon, thyroxine, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, adrenalin, noradrenalin). These two hormone systems together maintain blood glucose levels in a narrow range. Various pathophysiological mechanisms give rise to a reversible condition - prediabetes which then progresses to an irreversible chronic disease - diabetes, both marked with deviation of blood glucose levels outside the set range. In diagnostic purpose, the patient is given glucose load, and blood glucose is measured right before and 2 hours after load. Measurements are more frequent after insulin injection (ITT) or if both tests are performed on experimental animals. In this paper we analyse the mathematical model for GTT and ITT. The obtained model function is an useful tool in describing the dynamics of blood glucose changes

Project management education in Croatia: A focus on the IT sector needs

Since today\u27s dynamic and competitive business environment increasingly requires additional level of competence, the project manager is, certainly, a profession whose value and demand is growing. As to reach the project objective, the project manager should have an adequate education, which is the reason why the corporations, especially in the Information Technology (IT) industry, are among leaders in investment to project management education and certification. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the identification and understanding of the project management education model in Croatia and explore possibilities for its improvements, especially in the field of the project management in the IT industry. For that reason, through 2018 and 2019, authors conducted the research on availability of project management education programs in Croatia, opportunities for international certification as well as attitudes of the project management professionals in IT sector on the existing education model. The study suggests that there is a growing trend of project managers’ certification, especially in the IT industry, as well as a variety of informal programs for project management education. Simultaneously, there is a lack of project management university study programs. Empirical results show that project management study programs lack the practical segment and are, in most cases, offering only fundamental theoretical knowledge. Therefore, authors, on the basis of the literature review and analysis of IT sector needs assessment, provide recommendations of the domains, to be included into future university study programs

Izolovanje izoformi lipaze iz Candida rugosa

The yeast Candida rugosa is a convenient source of lipases for science and industry. Crude preparation of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) consists of several extracellular lipases. Isoenzyme profile depends on the culture or fermentation conditions. All isoforms are coded by the lip pseudogene family; they are monomers of 534 amino acids and molecular weight of about 60 kDa. They share the same catalytic mechanism and interfacial mode of activation. Isoenzymes differ in isoelectric points, post-translational modifications, substrate specificity and hydrophobicity. The presence of different lipase isoforms and other substances (i.e., inhibitors) in crude preparation leads to lack of their productivity in biocatalytic reactions. Purification of specific isoform improves its overall performance and stability. This paper provides an overview of different methods for purification of CRL isoenzymes up to date, their advantages and disadvantages.Lipaze (hidrolaze estara glicerola, E.C.3.1.3.3) su važna grupa enzima, široko rasprostranjenih u prirodi. Mogu se izolovati iz materijala biljnog, životinjskog ili mikrobnog porekla. Zahvaljujući svojim karakteristikama, pobuđuju sve više pažnje kao efikasni biokatalizatori u različitim sintetičkim i hidrolitičkim procesima. Među lipazama, poreklom iz mikroorganizama, posebno su značajne one koje produkuje kvasac Candida rugosa. Komercijalni preparat lipaza iz C. rugosa može sadržati 5-7 izoformi ekstracelularnih lipaza. Sve te izoforme kodirane su od strane lip familije pseudogena, a na njihovu ekspresiju utiču uslovi u kojima se mikroorganizam gaji (sastav hranljive podloge je najvažniji). Ekstracelularne lipaze, koje proizvodi C. rugosa su monomerni glikoproteini, molekulske mase od oko 60 kDa, sa 534 aminokiseline. Za sve izoforme je karakterističan isti složeni mehanizam aktivacije na granici faza i mehanizam katalize, kakav se sreće i kod serin-proteaza. Izoenzimi se međusobno razlikuju po post-translacionim modifikacijama (udelu ugljohidratne komponente), supstratnoj specifičnosti, izoelektričnim tačkama i hidrofobnosti. Prisustvo više izoformi lipaza u komercijalnom preparatu utiče na njihovu produktivnost u reakcijama koje katalizuju. Takvi preparati često sadrže i druge supstance koje mogu uticati na aktivnost enzima (na primer inhibitore). Razdvajanjem pojedinačnih izoformi iz komercijalnog preparata poboljšavaju se njihova enantioselektivnost, specifična aktivnost i stabilnost enzima, što je od izuzetnog značaja za njihovu dalju primenu. U ovom radu su predstavljeni različiti pristupi u razdvajanju pojedinačnih izoformi vanćelijskih lipaza iz komercijalnog preparata C. rugosa, njihove prednosti i nedostaci

UTJECAJ MIJEŠANJA NA UČINKOVITOST PROCESA KOAGULACIJE I FLOKULACIJE PRI KONDICIONIRANJU VODE VODOCRPILIŠTA „JARČEVAC“

Najvažniji izvori vode za piće na području istočne Hrvatske su podzemne vode koje karakterizira visoka tvrdoća i povišene koncentracije željeza, amonija, mangana, arsena i organskih tvari, što negativno utječe na organoleptička svojstva i zdravstvenu ispravnost vode za piće. Jedan od procesa koji se često primjenjuje pri kondicioniranju vode je koagulacija i flokulacija uz naknadnu filtraciju. Na učinkovitost navedenog procesa utječu čimbenici poput fizikalno-kemijskih karakteristika sirove vode, doza i vrsta koagulanta te brzina i vrijeme miješanja u pojedinim fazama navedenog procesa. U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj brzine i vremena miješanja koagulanata i vode na učinkovitost koagulacije i flokulacije pri obradi aerirane podzemne vode vodocrpilišta „Jarčevac“ s dva željezova koagulanta – željezov klorid i željezov(II) sufat te je praćen utjecaj brzine i vremena miješanja na učinak procesa kroz dva seta, uz početnu pH vrijednost vode od 7.5 i početnu koncentraciju ukupnog željeza od 4 mg/l. Učinkovitost je praćena mjerenjem polaznih i završnih vrijednosti količine organskih tvari, ukupne tvrdoće, alkaliteta i koncentracije ukupnog željeza te pH vrijednosti i vodljivosti vode. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate moguće je zaključiti da je učinkovitija obrada podzemne vode vodocrpilišta „Jarčevac“ postignuta pri doziranju željezova klorida

Kontaminiranost kukuruza u Hrvatskoj plijesnima i nekim mikotoksinima

Maize grain samples (n = 15) collected during the autumn of 2002 were analyzed for the presence of moulds and mycotoxins fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA). Mycological analysis showed that all samples were contaminated with Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp., while Aspergillus spp. were found in 5 samples. F. proliferatum and F. verticilloides, the producers of fumonisins, were found in 14 and 8 samples, respectively, while F. graminearum, the producer of ZEA, was present in all samples. The most frequent mycotoxins were FB1 (15/15) and ZEA (12/15), followed by OTA (7/15), while FB2 was found in only two samples. Seven samples were contaminated with two mycotoxins, seven with three, and one sample with only one mycotoxin. The concentrations (mean ± SD) of FB1, ZEA, and OTA in positive samples were 459.5 ± 314.6, 1.70 ± 0.80, and 1.40 ± 0.55 microgram kg-1, respectively, and the concentrations of FB2 in two samples were 68.4 and 3084.0 microgram kg-1. In general, such low mycotoxin concentrations are not a significant source of exposure to humans, but they may contribute to exposure from other commodities. A few samples with extreme values indicate that strict control is needed.U uzorcima kukuruza (n = 15) sakupljenima u jesen 2002. godine determinirane su plijesni i određena koncentracija mikotoksina fumonizina B1(FB1), fumonizina B2(FB2), zearalenona (ZEA) i okratoksina A (OTA). Mikološkom je analizom utvrđeno da su svi uzorci kontaminirani s Fusarium i Penicillium spp., a Aspergillus spp. nađeni su u 5 uzoraka. F. proliferatum i F. moniliforme, koji proizvode fumonizine, pronađeni su u 14, odnosno u 8 uzoraka, dok je F. graminearum, koji proizvodi ZEA, nađen u svim uzorcima. U svim je ispitivanim uzorcima nađen FB1(15/15), ZEA je nađen u 12/15, OTA u 7/15 uzoraka, dok je FB2 nađen samo u dva uzorka. U po 7 uzoraka nađeno je 2 odnosno 3 mikotoksina, dok je samo jedan uzorak sadržavao jedan mikotoksin. Koncentracija (srednja vrijednost ± SD) FB1 bila je 459,5 ±314,6 ug kg–1, ZEA 1,70 ±0,80 ug kg–1, OTA 1,40 ±0,55 ug kg–1, dok su koncentracije FB2u dva pozitivna uzorka bile 68,4, odnosno 3084,0 ug kg–1. Tako niske koncentracije mikotoksina nisu značajan izvor izloženosti ljudi. Međutim, nekoliko uzoraka koji sadrže vrlo visoke koncentracije mikotoksina ukazuju na potrebu kontrole mikotoksina u žitaricama