Features of primary school students’ perceptions of themselves and their friends in friendly relations

The article is devoted to the study of some aspects of friendship relations in primary school age. It presents original diagnostic methods for studying friendship relations in elementary school students: “Qualities of a friend” and “What kind of friend am I?”. The object of the diagnostic techniques is the significant qualities of a friend, the features of the respondents’ attitude to the identified qualities, and the awareness of their contribution to friendly relations. The procedure of administering the techniques is described and the parameters of evaluation of the results, the features of their processing, and recommendations to experts on the use of the given diagnostic tools are allocated. The procedure of testing the validity and reliability of the diagnostic techniques is described. The deployed testing methods include expert evaluation and retesting. The results of the study of friendly relations in primary school students are described. The specific characteristics of the dynamic of friendly relations in primary school students are identified, The respondents demonstrate the ability to allocate a significant number of qualities important for friendship. By the end of the age period, children reorient from the external qualities of a friend to the internal ones characterizing the foundation of the relationships, empathy, support, and moral qualities. There is a development of reflection of relations, understanding of one’s own participation in friendship. The prospects for further study of the designated topic are defined.

USE OF INTERSUBJECT RELATIONS OF CHEMISTRY WITH BIOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY AT GENERALIZATION OF ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGES TAKING REGIONALITY PRINCIPLE INTO CONSIDERATION

The selection of the ecological knowledge block in the courses of chemistry, biology and geography taking regional character into consideration has been substantiated scientifically that gives a possibility to construct the integrated picture revealing the interaction of the man (society) with nature and culture. The methodical recommendations on the study of the base course of chemistry (generalization of ecological knowledges), special courses, seminars and practical studies for classes and schools of the different purposefulness ("Ecological chemistry", "Ecological monitoring", "Ecology and culture", "Ecology of Tyumen region" a.o.) have been given. The methodical system for generalization of the ecological knowledges, programmes of the special courses and visual aids have been introduced into the educational process of the educational in the Tyumen and other regions. As an introduction of the developed methodical system and visual aids the system character and stability of the knowledges were increased that or corresponds to the standard requirements or exceeds them. Application field: educational process on chemistry, biology and geography in upper forms of schools of general education (8 - 11 classes) and special educational institutions; teaching of chemistry in the higher schoolsAvailable from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio

Sensory alalia: terminology and differentiated diagnosis

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Course of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Young People Treated at the Military Hospital of Smolensk Garrison with Detected <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> Carrying a Macrolide-Resistant Mutation in 23S rRNA Gene

We evaluated the effect of macrolide-resistant mutations in the Mycoplasma pneumoniae 23S rRNA gene on the severity of lower respiratory tract infections in immunocompetent young adults treated at the Smolensk Military Hospital between 25 October 2017, and 17 November 2021. All analyzed cases represented a non-severe infection of the lower respiratory tract: 44 case histories with community-acquired pneumonia and 20 cases with acute bronchitis. The presence of mutations in the gene 23S rRNA of M. pneumoniae was determined with standard Sanger sequencing. The macrolide-resistant genotype was found in 4/44 (9.1%) of the samples of the patients with pneumonia and in 3/20 (15%) of the samples of the patients with acute bronchitis. The analyzed cases with identified M. pneumoniae carrying a mutation in the 23S rRNA gene did not show any differences in the clinical presentation in terms of disease severity caused by M. pneumoniae with the wild-type (WT) phenotype

Features of primary school students’ perceptions of themselves and their friends in friendly relations

The article is devoted to the study of some aspects of friendship relations in primary school age. It presents original diagnostic methods for studying friendship relations in elementary school students: “Qualities of a friend” and “What kind of friend am I?”. The object of the diagnostic techniques is the significant qualities of a friend, the features of the respondents’ attitude to the identified qualities, and the awareness of their contribution to friendly relations. The procedure of administering the techniques is described and the parameters of evaluation of the results, the features of their processing, and recommendations to experts on the use of the given diagnostic tools are allocated. The procedure of testing the validity and reliability of the diagnostic techniques is described. The deployed testing methods include expert evaluation and retesting. The results of the study of friendly relations in primary school students are described. The specific characteristics of the dynamic of friendly relations in primary school students are identified, The respondents demonstrate the ability to allocate a significant number of qualities important for friendship. By the end of the age period, children reorient from the external qualities of a friend to the internal ones characterizing the foundation of the relationships, empathy, support, and moral qualities. There is a development of reflection of relations, understanding of one’s own participation in friendship. The prospects for further study of the designated topic are defined. El artículo está dedicado al estudio de algunos aspectos de las relaciones de amistad en la edad escolar primaria. Presenta métodos de diagnóstico originales para el estudio de las relaciones de amistad en estudiantes de primaria: “Cualidades de un amigo” y “¿Qué tipo de amigo soy?”. El objeto de las técnicas de diagnóstico son las cualidades significativas de un amigo, las características de la actitud de los encuestados hacia las cualidades identificadas y la conciencia de su contribución a las relaciones amistosas. Se describe el procedimiento de administración de las técnicas y se asignan los parámetros de evaluación de los resultados, las características de su procesamiento y las recomendaciones a los expertos sobre el uso de las herramientas de diagnóstico dadas. Se describe el procedimiento para probar la validez y confiabilidad de las técnicas de diagnóstico. Los métodos de prueba implementados incluyen evaluación experta y reevaluación. Se describen los resultados del estudio de las relaciones amistosas en alumnos de primaria. Se identifican las características específicas de la dinámica de relaciones amistosas en los estudiantes de primaria. Los encuestados demuestran la capacidad de asignar un número significativo de cualidades importantes para la amistad. Al final del período de edad, los niños se reorientan de las cualidades externas de un amigo a las internas que caracterizan la base de las relaciones, la empatía, el apoyo y las cualidades morales. Hay un desarrollo de la reflexión de las relaciones, la comprensión de la propia participación en la amistad. Se definen las perspectivas de estudio adicional del tema designado

Class II HLA diabetogenic markers in an Udmurtian population: genotype dependence, the role of DQ trans-heterodimers

Aim. To analyse association of class II HLA genotype (DRB1, DQA1, DQB1) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) in an Udmurtian population. Materials and methods. The case-control method was applied in the study involving 29 children with DM1 and 97 age-matched healthy subjects. HLAalleles were identified by multiprimer allele-specific PCR. Association with DM1 was evaluated from the OR-odds ratio. Calculations were made usingStatSoft and STATISTICA 6 programs. Results. The occurrence of ?classical? highly predisposing haplotypes in the studied Udmurtian population proved significantly lower than in otherCaucasoid populations (DRB1*04-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 - 2,6 vs 8-16% and DRB1*17(03)-DQA*0501-DQB1*0201 - 3,6 vs 6-12,9%)trans-Encoded DQ heterodimers (DQA1*0301-DQB1*0201 and DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302) were shown to play the key role in determining the riskof DM1. They were found in 62,1% of the patients compared with 10,3% of control subjects (OR=14,2; pc=6Ч10-5). Conclusion. Positive DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 or/and *0201 genotype is the most sensitive predictor of DM1 in the studied Udmurtian population

The Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes in discordant and concordant families: 16 years of follow-up. Focus on the future

For 40 years, research continues to improve the forecasting methods and the development of effective and safe methods of preventing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Аim. Prediction of the early preclinical stage of T1DM. Materials and methods. We studied the predisposing and protective haplotypes (HLA-DRB1, gene DQ) together with immunological markers (ICA, GADA, IAA) in 224 discordant/concordant families. Results. At the Endocrinology Research Centre, population and family risks of the development of T1DM in Russia were calculated on the basis of population genetic approaches. The analysis of the prevalence of HLA genotypes among T1DM patients revealed that the high-risk haplotypes in the structure of genotype(s) DQ2 and/or DQ8 in combination with the others were 78%: of these genotypes DQ2/DQ8, DQ2/DQ2, and DQ8/DQ8 accounted for 35%; DQ2/X* and DQ8/X* accounted for 43%; and the low-risk genotype Х*/Х* accounted for 22%. The genotype Х/Х consisted of weaker predisposing haplotypes that were specific to the Russian population in combination with neutral haplotypes or those consisting of neutral haplotypes only. The analysis of patients with T1DM genotypes revealed that high-risk genotypes (DQ2/DQ8) were more common in ill children up to the age of 5 (33% of cases) than in T1DM children over 10 years (23%) (p=0.05). Conversely, the low-risk genotypes were significantly less likely to be found in children with manifestations of diabetes up to 5 years than in sick people over 10 years [5% and 13%, respectively (