“Vinica and Pranger”

Ovaj članak istražuje srednjovjekovne kulturne slojeve na području viničkoga kraja te obrađuje najznačajnije povijesne građevine i njihov kontinuitet u vremenu od najranije prošlosti do današnjih dana. Također je prikazan kontinuitet naseljavanja ovoga kraja te su opisani povijesni putovi. Osobita je pozornost pridana poznatom viničkom stupu srama – Prangeru, čije porijeklo i točna starost još nisu sa sigurnošću potvrđeni.Vinica is located at the northernmost end of Croatia, in the vicinity of the Drava river that is the historical border with Slovenia. While researching the historical routes that led towards Vinica, the authors of this work discovered several new sites and gained new insights into the history of this region. Within the scope of this research, a new interesting site was discovered that has been unknown to experts so far. On a good strategic position, on a hill that is called Gradišće and overlooks the road, are the remains of a structure visible whose age has not been determined yet. It is most probably a fort or tower. Along the road that leads at the foot of the hill from the border with Slovenia towards Vinica, one comes across another interesting settlement called Malo Gradišće, in which the so–called Mikl’s chapel is located. It is a chapel from the 19th century that was built on a man–made round hill with a strategic position. Based on the name Malo Gradišće (Small Gradišće), its location and shape, it can be assumed that the chapel was built on the site of a previously unknown earlier structure. The settlement Vinica developed in an area where the fertile plain of the Drava River turns into hilly ground. The old town or fort Vinica is mentioned for the first time in the mid–14th century, i.e. in 1353, as castrum Vinica. By the end of the Middle Ages, it had lost its strategic importance, was abandoned and already in the 17th century referred to as a ruin. The fact that the fort was a royal estate during a certain period of time as well as in possession of the high nobility influenced not only the shape of the fort, but also the settlement that developed at its foot. The core of the fort, its oldest and most impressive part, consists of a central pentagonal Romanesque tower, which was probably built in the 13th century, whereas the external fort walls date to a later period. There is a preserved description of the fort from 1568 that was made during the listing of the Gyulay estates. Based on the description, it can be concluded that the fort had its main conception already at that time. A comparison can be drawn to Veliki Tabor. There are many parallels to the latter one regarding the shape. The oldest, pentagonal part of the fort can also be compared to the Romanesque pentagonal towers in the vicinity, such as fort Borl, close–by Vinica, in Slovenia, and the forts in the Varaždin surroundings– Kamenica and Paka. The parish church of St. Mark is mentioned as Item sancti Marci de Vinnicha in the list of parishes from 1334. The present–day church was built at the beginning of the 19th century. It was erected on the very same site as the mediaeval church, partially keeping the earlier dimensions. However, the orientation was altered so that today’s sanctuary is facing west. The tower and part of the nave’s western section remained preserved. Existing building material was used during the construction of the present structure, so that the church has partially kept its external walls. Also the existing moulded stone elements were extensively used as spolia. Several spolia that were extracted from the lower parts of the wall are presented in the church, such as the base of the profiling, the capital and fragment of the pilaster. These elements of architectural decoration, which date to the early 13th century, are made of limestone and represent the part of the older church that was torn down in the 19th century. The church’s interior houses many parts of the old church furnishing, such as the stone pulpit, the late Gothic free–standing stone custodia, the Renaissance relief that is built into the wall above the entrance of the vestry, tomb slabs and the built–in ancient stele. Four sculptures of small lions, remains of architectural decoration of the mediaeval church, are built into the church’s wall from the outside, two next to the porch on the southern side and two next to the porch on the church’s northern side. The form and artistic expression indicate to a Gothic master, who made some simple, yet very expressive sculptures. These sculptures are dated as works from the 14th century. They can be compared to the pair of small lions that are in the parish church near Ivanec, although the latter one is most probably a little younger if comparing their artistic design. The pillory in Vinica is a unique preserved example of a pillory and stone measure in the area of Varaždin–County and beyond. It is specific with regard to its design; a three–sided stone post with a height of 260 cm, which at the top tapers into a triangular end. The post is built into a wide stone pedestal on which there is also a stone vessel for measure with an opening on the front side. In the upper part of the post at 170 cm height, there is a male head with a moustache on each of the three sides that almost entirely comes out of the post in profile. Based on the stylistic analysis and claims that it was brought from the Vinica fort which existed in the Middle Ages, the authors argue that the pillory can be dated to an earlier time than it had been dated so far– the year 1643. They also do not exclude the possibility that it is an older monument, whose purpose is not known so far, but which got a secondary use as a pillory in the Middle Ages

Depiction of the human head in mediaeval stone sculptures in the northwestern region of Croatia

Ovaj članak istražuje neke primjere srednjovjekovne kamene plastike na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske, odnosno prikaze ljudske glave koji datiraju iz razdoblja srednjeg vijeka. Tako su istraženi i prezentirani sljedeći lokaliteti na kojima su očuvani prikazi glava: Kneginec, Nedelišće, Cikovljan, Gotalovec, Mursko Središće, Križovljan, Lepoglava, Konjščina, Macinec, Podturen, Vinica.Working as the overseeing conservators in the Varaždin and Međimurje county regions, we are involved in works related to cultural heritage, during which we often come across its older historical layers. These layers are, so far, often not researched and unknown to the expert circles. With this paper we will present some examples of mediaeval stone sculptures in the region of northwestern Croatia. It is very interesting that the region contains many preserved representations of the human head which date to the Middle Ages. During efforts on the renovation of the church of St. Mary Magdalene in Kneginec, we devoted particular attention to a small stone relief with an image of a human head, which was located high on the southern facade of the church in a difficult to reach location. In order to protect it from further damage, the relief was removed, thereby uncovering many unknown details about its workmanship and shaping

The church of st. Nicholas and the bear sculpture - New research contributions of medieval art in Varaždin

Crkva sv. Nikole smještena je u centru Varaždina, to je pravilno orijentirana, skladna kasnobarokna crkva. Spominje se prvi puta u popisu župa iz 1334. godine, kao ecclesia sancti Vencezlai, odnosno crkva posvećena sv. Vjenceslavu. Međutim, može se pretpostaviti da je župa na ovom mjestu postojala i ranije, jer je Varaždin bio središte arhiđakonata osnovanog u 13. stoljeću. Opisi vizitacija tijekom 17. i 18. stoljeća opisuju bogato opremljenu i značajnu građevinu koja priliči obrtničko – trgovačkom središtu kakav je bio Varaždin u srednjovjekovnom razdoblju. Sama crkva bila je od početaka razvoja grada sakralni i svjetovni centar naselja, u duhu srednjovjekovne urbane organizacije Ispod cijele površine današnje crkve, nalazi se velika kripta. Prilikom njenog čišćenja, postalo je moguće detaljno pregledati zidove kripte, izgrađene od opeke pomiješane sa mnoštvom kamenih elemenata - spolija iz ranijih faza gradnje crkve. Iako se u literaturi spominje da su u temeljima crkve pronađeni romanički elementi, pregledom dostupnih spolija utvrđeno je da su u zidove ugrađeni spoliji iz najmanje dvije ranije građevinske faze crkve – romaničke i gotičke faze, koji se razlikuju u vrsti kamena i načinu obrade, što je omogućilo novi povijesno – umjetnički pogled na prošlost župne crkve. Manji dio spolija izrađen je od sivog pješčenjaka, koji je jednak kamenu od kojeg je izrađena skulptura medvjeda, ugrađena na pročelju. Radi se o velikim klesanim kamenim blokovima, koji su uglavnom oštećeni, a samo jedan od njih ima na sebi oznaku, uklesani križ. U zidove kripte uzidano je više komada profiliranih svodnih rebara, koji potječu iz kasnogotičke faze gradnje crkve. Jedan od spolija izvađen je iz zida te pomnije pregledan. Radi se o ključnom kamenu, a utvrđeno je kako je s njegove donje strane uklesan štit sa reljefnim prikazom. U sredini štita nalazi se djelomično otučena i oštećena ptica, sa desne strane uklesana je sedmerokraka zvijezda, a s lijeve slovo N. Povijesni dokumenti i iščitavanje profilacije na ključnom kamenu i svodnim rebrima smještaju nastanak svoda u drugu polovicu, ili sam kraj 15. stoljeća. Posebno zanimljiv primjer očuvane starije kamene plastike u gradu Varaždinu skulptura je medvjeda, koja se nalazila ugrađena u zvonik crkve sv. Nikole. Uspoređujući varaždinskog medvjeda sa komparativnim materijalom, može ga se datirati na početak 13. stoljeća. Komparativni materijal čini životinjska glavica iz Zeline, prikaz lavova na kapitelima ruševina crkve u Vértesszentkeresztu, koji su datirani između 1200. i 1237. godine te glava lava iz Bajne, koji je datiran u 12. stoljeće. Identično oblikovane oči kao kod varaždinskog medvjeda, mogu se vidjeti na muškoj glavi iz Zalavára (1200-1240). Ovim radom, autorice su pokušale istražiti najranije slojeve župne crkve sv. Nikole u Varaždinu, čiji stariji elementi nisu do sada bili dovoljno istraženi i vrednovani.In this paper, the authors investigated the medieval phase of the construction of the parish church of St. Nicholas in Varazdin.The Church of St. Nicholas is a well oriented, harmonious late - Baroque building, with a Gothic bell tower, located in the center of Varazdin. The church was first mentioned in the list of parish churches in the Diocese of Zagreb in 1334, as ecclesia sancti Vencezlai, the church dedicated to St. Vjenceslav. However, it can be assumed that the parish existed earlier in Varaždin, because Varaždin was the center of archdeaconry founded in the 13th century. The dedication to St. Nicholas has been used used for the parish church since 1454. Descriptions of the church from the 17th and 18th century describe a significant building and it’s rich interior. In the spirit of the medieval city organization, the church was both the sacred and secular center of the city. There is a large crypt beneath the church. The walls of the crypt are built from brick mixed with stone elements - spolia from at least two earlier phases of the construction - Romanesque and Gothic phase. The spolia differ in the type of stone and the style of carving and they allow a new art-historical view on the past of the parish church. A smaller number of spolia are made of grey sandstone. They are mostly large blocks, partially damaged, and only one of them has visible markings: there is an engraved cross on it. The other type of spolia are all made of yellow limestone, and some of them are recognised as parts of ribs. The carving style and details allow us to date them to the Gothic period. One of the elements, embedded in the western wall was particulary interesting, and the authors of this article recognised it as a keystone. It was taken out from the wall and examined more closely, and it was found that the keystone has a carved the coat of arms on it, with a bird, a star and the letter N. The keystone originates from the same period as the ribs, the second half of the 15th century. On the eastern side of the Gothic bell tower a replica of the sculpture of a bear is built in, while the original was removed, restored and stored in the collection of stone monuments of the City Museum of Varaždin. The sculpture is dated to the late 12th, or more probably, early 13th century. The comparable stone sculpture is the animal head from Zelina (Croatia); the lions from the ruined church in Vértesszentkereszt (Hungary), which are dated between the 1200 and 1237; the lion head from Bajna (Hungary) dated to the 12th century; the male head of Zalavára (Hungary), dated to the first half of the 13th century

The Heritage of Vinica over the Centuries

Vinički kraj karakterizira bogata povijest, s mnoštvom očuvane kulturno-povijesne baštine, a cilj ovog rada je analizirati kulturne slojeve te njihov smještaj i funkcioniranje u prostoru. U rednjovjekovnom razdoblju Vinica je bila važno trgovište, a dva glavna graditeljska akcenta u prostoru u to vrijeme bili su utvrda Vinica i župna crkva sv. Marka. U daljnjem razvoju Vinice, na području naselja izgrađeno je nekoliko dvoraca, kurija te drugih građevina svjetovnog karaktera čija je zajednička karakteristika kvaliteta gradnje. Među njima se ističu ostaci dvorca Opeka, kao svojevrsna kruna te baštine koji ažalost, predstavljaju tipičnu sliku stanja loše očuvanosti ovog bogatog graditeljskog naslijeđa. Posebno zanimljiv i vrijedan kameni spomenik je Pranger, mjera za žito i sramotni kamen koji ima dugu povijest i kojemu su pripisana mnogobrojna značenja.Vinica is situated along the outermost northeast slopes of Maceljska gora mountain (Haloze), fi fteen kilometres to the west of Varaždin. The area of Vinica is characterized by its rich history and a multitude of preserved examples of cultural and historical heritage. The purpose of this paper is to not only topographically list and describe the numerous monuments, but also to analyse the cultural layers and their setting and function within their surroundings. The favourable strategic position, quarries, fertile land and freshwater springs have made this area suitable for human settlement since prehistoric times, and then in the Classical Antiquity, which is proven by numerous archaeological fi ndings and sites in the area of Vinica. During the Middle Ages Vinica was an important market town, with the Vinica castle and the parish church of St Mark as its main architectural features. The castle is strategically positioned on one of the outermost slopes descending to the valley of Varaždin, but sheltered and immersed in the surrounding hills. Archaeological fi ndings suggest that the castle was probably constructed on the site of a prehistoric fort. Not far away from this defence point, on a plateau in the very vicinity of the valley, is the ecclesiastical centre of Vinica, the parish church of St Mark. Despite all the changes of the church structure over the years, the remnants of its older phases are preserved as spolia and fragments, testifying of the skills of its builders and sculptors. The further development of Vinica included the construction of several castles, manor houses and other profane buildings, all realizations of considerable quality. Among these a prominent place is occupied by the remains of the Opeka castle, unfortunately an example of the poor state of conservation of Vinica’s rich architectural heritage. Important assets of Vinica are its numerous freshwater springs, frequently transformed into architectural onuments of high evironmental value. A distinct group of smaller sacral monuments comprises votive columns and wayside shrines of varying cultural and historical value; however, their environmental value remains unquestionable. A particularly interesting and important stone monument is the »Pranger«, a measure for wheat and a pillory with long history and various meanings. A signifi cant component in the shaping of the cultural landscape of Vinica is its residential architecture, characterized by partly preserved traditional features combined with some typical local elements such as quality carved stone

Percepcija utjecaja učenja stranoga jezika na osobnost

The argument that language exerts an important influence on the cognitive processes of an individual was first proposed by Edward Sapir, and was also adopted by the sociocultural theory of L. S. Vygotsky and his followers. Lately, the issue of language and identity has become a vibrant topic in SLA research. Based on the responses of 186 proficient learners of English as a foreign language, this paper tries to analyze the link between language learning and the development of personality/ies in the foreign language learning context. The research shows that the issue of language and personality is important to bilinguals, regardless of whether they think that their personality does or does not change when they speak their different languages.Tvrdnju da jezik vrši velik utjecaj na kognitivne procese pojedinca prvi je iznio Edward Sapir, a kasnije ju je usvojila sociokulturalna teorija L. S. Vygotskog i njegovih sljedbenika. U posljednje vrijeme, pitanje odnosa jezika i identiteta postalo je prilično izraženo u okviru istraživanja procesa ovladavanja inim jezikom. U ovome su radu predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja provedenog na 186 naprednih učenika engleskog kao stranoga jezika. Analizira se predodžba veze između učenja stranog jezika i razvoja osobnosti (jedne ili više njih). Istraživanje je pokazalo da je pitanje jezika i osobnosti važno dvojezičnim osobama, iako je većina ispitanika izvijestila da ne osjećaju promjene u svojoj osobnosti pri korištenju različitih jezika

Die kulturelle Landschaft der Bednja–Region

Ovaj članak istražuje kulturne slojeve na području bednjanskog kraja te obrađuje povijesne građevine i njihov kontinuitet u vremenu od najranije prošlosti do današnjih dana. Opisani su očuvani ostaci sakralne i profane gradnje, povijesnoumjetnički elementi, te neka očuvana vjerovanja i legende.Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Erforschung des oberen Bednja Flusslaufes, von seiner Quelle bis zum Übergang ins Lepoglava– Tal. Der große visuelle und geschichtliche Wert dieses Gebietes ist die Festung Trakošćan, die Gegenstand zahlreicher Forschungsarbeiten aber auch Vorlage für viele Erzählungen und Legenden ist. Trotz der Bedeutung von Trakošćan bilden auch viele Kirchen, die sich in strategischen Lagen befinden und somit jede einzelne von ihnen eine Verbindung der weltlichen und sakralen Funktion darstellen, das Gerippe der visuellen Identität und sind Schöpfer der kulturellen Landschaft. Obwohl umfangreiches Schriftgut aber auch zahlreiche Information über das Schloss Trakošćan existieren, bietet es noch immer ausreichend Material zur weiteren Erforschung und für neue Entdeckungen. Die Pfarrkirche in Bednja birgt die Überreste eines mittelalterlichen Bauwerks in sich, auch wenn schriftliche Urkunden anführen, dass die Kirche im 19. Jahrhundert erbaut wurde. Schlüsselworter: Bednja, Jamno, Hum, Meljan, Ravna Gora, Trakošćan, Mittelalter Zudem weisen die Kappellen zum Hl. Josef auf Hum und zu den Drei Königen auf Meljan mittelalterliche Elemente auf, deren fachliche Analyse und Valorisierung erst noch bevorstehen. Auf alten Karten ist erkennbar, dass es einige heute verschwundene Kapellen sowie kleinere oder größere Kastelle gab, die diese Gegend im Mittelalter überblickten, wobei erst archäologische Forschungsarbeit ihr Auffinden und ihre Valorisierung ermöglichen würden. Sowohl der bedeutende archäologische Fundort in Jamno mit erhaltener Architektur als auch der hochinteressante Berg Želimor, dessen Spitze noch immer archäologisch unerforscht ist und die einheimische Bevölkerung zu zahlreichen Legenden inspiriert, sind Stätten die anhand einer interdisziplinären Forschungsmethode sowie historischen, historisch– künstlerischen und archäologischen Untersuchungen noch vieles Interessantes zutage bringen würden und somit die geschichtliche Karte dieser Gegend vervollständigen könnten

Einige mittelalterliche Siedlungen und Pfarreien im Raum des südlichen Vorgebirges von Varaždin

Dieser Artikel stellt einige Siedlungen und spätmittelalterliche Pfarreien vor, die sich südlich von Varaždin befinden, bzw. im Vorgebirge des Varaždinsko – topličko gorje. Der Reihe nach sind es die Siedlungen Kelemen, Jakopovec, Kneginec und Obrež (Sveti Ilija). All diese Siedlungen liegen am spätmittelalterlichen, aber vielleicht auch älteren Verkehrsweg, der aus Richtung Ludbreg und Jalžabat nach Ivanec führt, auf den ersten Hügeln, gut geschützt mit zahlreichen Möglichkeiten der Überwachung des genannten Weges aber auch des gesamten Tales von Varaždin. In gleicher Weise wie die mittelalterliche Kunst und das Bauwesen in Varaždin mit einer dicken Schicht von Barock und Historizismus bedeckt sind, so sind auch die Siedlungen in ihrer unmittelbaren Nähe überlagert. Jede dieser Lokalitäten hat jedoch eine lange geschichtliche Kontinuität, was zahlreiche archäologische Funde und Fundorte in der Umgebung belegen. Im Hinblick auf die Zeitepoche des Mittelalters sprechen historische Daten über eine dichte Besiedelung und eine recht gute religiöse und zivile Organisation, was sicherlich auch eine qualitative romanische und gotische Bauweise und den künstlerischen Ausdruck zur Folge hatte. Diese Arbeit hat zum Ziel diese heute meist verborgenen Elemente aufzuzeigen und zu valorisieren. In dieser Weise wird auch die romanische Hallenkirche in Kelemen vorgestellt, die ein erhaltenes romanisches Fenster auf der Südfassade und zwei frühgotische Fenster an der Ostmauer hat. In Jakopovec blieb im Innern der heutigen Kapelle eine spätromanische Kirche erhalten, leider ohne sichtbare Verzierungselemente (Portal, Fensterrahmen oder andere historisch – künstlerische Überreste). In Kneginec blieb lediglich ein Kopf – Relief aus der romanischen Phase erhalten, das in eine Mauer eines gotischen Bauwerks integriert war, welches wiederum trotz Um – und Ausbauten fast vollständig erhalten blieb. In Obrež und dem nahe gelegenen Črešnjev befinden sich neuere Bauten und mittelalterliche Elemente erkennt man in der städteplanerischen Organisation der Siedlung, bzw. an der Lage der sakralen Bauten. Die Schlussfolgerung dieses Artikels ist die, dass heute noch immer zahlreiche Wissenslücken bezüglich der mittelalterlichen Kunst im kontinentalen Raum Kroatiens bestehen, und durch gemeinsame Arbeit verwandter Fachgebiete kann unsere Auffassung über das Mittelalter in diesen Gebieten bereichert und erweitert werden