ANIMAL-ASSISTED THERAPY – A NEW TREND IN THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN AND ADDULTS

Animal-assisted therapy is a familiar method of treatment in the rehabilitation of many illnesses and conditions, but is still not applied sufficiently in our milieu. This paper gives an overview of the available literature and some of the research which demonstrates that the interaction between the patient, animal and therapist provides a context which improves communication, elevates self-confidence, reduces the symptoms of diseases, and improves the quality of life. The dog, cat, horse, birds and toy animals are most often used in therapy. Short-term contacts with animals are used, as well as long term keeping of animals, which are looked after by patients following a particular methodology. The therapy is used in the treatment of psychiatric patients afflicted with depression, schizophrenia, phobias and addiction problems. Loneliness is easier to endure in the company of animals. It is also applied in cardiovascular diseases, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, child cerebral paralysis, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other diseases. Research shows a more rapid reduction of symptoms of many diseases when animals are included in the therapeutic process

Implementation of the Gender Perspective in the Undergraduate Curriculum of the Faculty of Security Studies

In 2010 the Republic of Serbia adopted the National Action Plan (NAP) for the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 "Women, Peace and Security", which stipulates that on the basis of gender equality UN member states should build and adapt mechanisms for conflict resolution and inclusion of women in all levels of decision-making. An important role in the activities undertaken to achieve the goals defined by the National Action Plan is assigned to the ministry in charge of education (currently the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development). These activities include raising awareness of potential conflicts, launching educational programs about gender aspects of conflicts, and introducing the subject matter of gender equality and gender-based violence at all levels of education and specialization in the security sector. Given that the Faculty of Security Studies of the University of Belgrade trains its students to perform a wide range of jobs in the security sector, the introduction of said subject matter at this higher education institution has special importance. In order to determine the extent to which this subject matter is currently being taught at the Faculty of Security Studies and at the same time to work toward the NAP goals, we have conducted a pilot study which included an analysis of the undergraduate forms of teaching such as seminars and workshops. It is our belief that educating male and female students to perform jobs in the security and defense systems and better participate in civil society requires that this subject matter be incorporated into the existing undergraduate curriculum at this higher education institution and that the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia assume a more active role in attaining the goals of the National Action Plan and achieving gender equality as an imperative of democratic societies curriculum and course syllabuses as well as the opinions of first- and second-year male and female students on gender equality. Having analyzed the syllabuses of undergraduate courses, we have established that the issues of gender equality, gender-sensitive address forms, gender-based violence, and the role and position of women in the security and defense systems, are underrepresented in course syllabuses, teaching units and primary literature. Furthermore, the opinion poll of the first- and second-year male and female undergraduate students on gender equality, conducted in June 2015 at the Faculty, led us to the conclusion that despite the students' awareness of this subject matter, certain gender-based stereotypes nonetheless exist. Also, the majority of respondents recognized the need for incorporating this subject matter into the curriculum and for organizing informal

The U. S. Intelligence Community and the Fight against ISIS: Donald Trump Administration's National Security Policy

Fight against international terrorism remains one of the keystones of the United States’ foreign policy in the upcoming period. The threat of the Islamic State is still grave for the international security, so it is understandable that Donald Trump administration will remain in this course. In the presentation of the new administration’s program at the White House website, it is pointed out that “defeating ISIS and other radical Islamic terror groups” will be of the highest priority, and that joint and coalition efforts will be needed. In the inaugural address, the new President stated that the United States intent to “unite the civilized world against Radical Islamic Terrorism”. It is initially obvious that, differing from the notion of “fight against violent extremism” used by the Obama administration, the new administration talks about the fight against radical Islamism. In this paper, the authors will analyze and present the key shifts in the United States’ national security policy in the wake of the Donald Trump’s administration. Key positions of Trump’s presidential campaign regarding the foreign policy, national security policy, fight against the Islamic State, and the reform of the Intelligence Community, will be juxtaposed with decisions made during the beginning of the presidential term

Whole genome sequencing: an efficient approach to ensuring food safety

Whole genome sequencing is an effective, powerful tool that can be applied to a wide range of public health and food safety applications. A major difference between WGS and the traditional typing techniques is that WGS allows all genes to be included in the analysis, instead of a well-defined subset of genes or variable intergenic regions. Also, the use of WGS can facilitate the understanding of contamination/colonization routes of foodborne pathogens within the food production environment, and can also afford efficient tracking of pathogens entry routes and distribution from farm-to-consumer. Tracking foodborne pathogens in the food processing-distribution-retail-consumer continuum is of the utmost importance for facilitation of outbreak investigations and rapid action in controlling/preventing foodborne outbreaks. Therefore, WGS likely will replace most of the numerous workflows used in public health laboratories to characterize foodborne pathogens into one consolidated, efficient workflow

Отворени извори података као фактор трансформације обавештајног рада

Развоју савременог обавештајног рада, од његових зачетака након завршетка Другог светског рата, током Хладног рата и крајем 20. века, својствено је да је увек готово у потпуности зависио од техничко-технолошког напретка модерног друштва. Чак и „традиционални“ облици обавештајног рада, шпијунажа и агентурни рад, у савременим околностима нису остали имуни на утицаје које су изазивала нова техничка и технолошка открића. Стога су током 20. века развијене и прве тзв. техничке „дисциплине“ прикупљања обавештајних података које су практично у реалном времену користиле различите резултате истраживања и развоја у различитим техничко-технолошким дисциплинама, као што су машинство, ваздухопловство, фотографија, криптографија и стеганографија, телекомуникације и све друге техничке науке које су утицале на развој наоружања и војне опреме. Пошто је савремени обавештајни рад настао током 20. века као резултат два рата – једног глобалног оружаног и другог глобалног неоружаног – по правилу је био усмерен на прикупљање података о капацитетима „друге стране“, па не чуди што су ове техничке дисциплине обавештајног рада биле од великог значаја и што је у њих улагана огромна количина људских и материјалних ресурса. Упоредо с развојем поменутих дисциплина за потребе вођења рата и трке у наоружању, у војном домену развијане су и рудиментарне форме онога што данас називамо информационим и комуникационим технологијама (ИКТ). Прво су развијени рачунари за једноставне математичке прорачуне, затим и комплекснији рачунарски системи који су поред обраде имали и могућност складиштења веће количине података, да би у другој половини 20. века почео да се развија и систем за комуникацију између удаљених рачунара. Након „превазилажења“ војних потреба, информационе технологије постају подједнако битне и за друштво у целини, те се практично преко ноћи истовремено појављују кућни рачунари и интернет. С друге стране, комуникационе технологије, а посебно телекомуникације, развијају се муњевитом брзином с развојем електронике и бежичног преноса телефонских сигнала. Повезивање овако развијених и свеприсутних информационих и комуникационих технологија у новом, глобализованом постхладноратовском свету било је стога неминовно. Управо у том контексту, крајем 20. и почетком 21. века почиње да се диференцира тзв. друга генерација обавештајног рада који користи отворене изворе података (Open-Source Intelligence, OSINT). У истраживању је проучаван утицај отворених извора података на трансформацију постојећих метода и техника прикупљања података, на специјализацију обавештајних аналитичара у погледу употребе нових технологија за потребе обавештајног рада, као и на однос обавештајних служби са окружењем.The common thing for the development of contemporary intelligence, from its beginnings after the Second World War, through the Cold War, and to the end of the 21st century, is that in almost majority of cases it depended on the technical and technological development of modern society. Even the traditional forms of intelligence, like espionage and use of agents, in contemporary circumstances have not become resistant to influences caused by new technical and technological discoveries. Hence, during 20th century the first so-called technical “disciplines” were developed for collecting the intelligence, and those were using in real time the various research and development results in different technical and technology science disciplines, like mechanical engineering, aviation, photography, cryptography and steganography, telecommunications, and all the other that influenced on development of armament and military equipment. Because contemporary intelligence developed during the 20th century as a result of two wars – one armed and global, and other unarmed and global – by its definition it was focused on collection of data about the capacities of the “other side”, so it is no wonder that these technical disciplines of intelligence were of great importance, especially because great human and material resources were invested in them. Parallel with the development of aforementioned disciplines aimed at warfare and arms race, rudimentary forms of what we now call information and communication technologies (ICTs) were also developed in the military domain. First, computers were developed for simple mathematical calculations, and after that more complex computer systems that, besides processing, had the ability to store large amounts of data, and in the second half of the 20th century, a system for communication between remote computers began to develop. After "overcoming" military needs, information technologies become equally important for society as a whole, and practically overnight, home computers and the Internet became widely available at the same time. On the other hand, communication technologies, especially telecommunications, are developing at lightning speed with the development of electronics and wireless transmission of telephone signals. Connecting such developed and ubiquitous information and communication technologies in the new, globalized post-Cold War world was therefore inevitable. Precisely in this context, at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the so-called second generation of intelligence that uses open data sources - Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) - starts to develop. In the research, the influence of open data sources on the transformation of existing methods and techniques of data collection, on the specialization of intelligence analysts in terms of the use of new technologies for the needs of intelligence work, as well as on the relationship of intelligence services with the environment was studied

In cammimo verso la totalitá. Esperienza personale come problema filosofico nel pensiero di Nietzsche, Benn, Warburg e Biral

Główna teza dysertacji zatytułowanej In cammino verso la totalità. Esperienza personale come problema filosofico nel pensiero di Nietzsche, Benn, Warburg e Biral, zakłada, że myśl Nietzschego, Benna, Warburga i Birala skierowana jest wobec całości. Nietzsche, Benn, Warburg i Biral deklinują całość na własny sposób: według Nietzschego całość zakłada nobilitację i udoskonalenie człowieka pojmowanego jako ciało i duch, a to uszlachetnienie wymaga totalnego przewartościowania kultury, nowożytnych moralnych, politycznych i religijnych wartości – człowiek musi stać się silniejszy; zdaniem Benna całość zakłada stworzenie doskonałej i skończonej formy poetyckiej, według Warburga całość każe myśleć o mapie całej kolektywnej pamięci ludzkości, która pozwala „dobrym Europejczykom” zdiagnozować, a w konsekwencji również wyleczyć, wewnętrzne napięcia; według Birala wreszcie, poszukiwanie całości to synonim poszukiwania szczęścia, czyli doskonałej mądrości, ponieważ, jak to zrozumiał już Platon, mędrzec to człowiek skończenie szczęśliwy, niczego mu bowiem nie brak. Pryncypium metodologiczne wykorzystane w dysertacji opiera się na adherencji aplikacyjnej do metody użytej przez każdego myśliciela w jego własnych badaniach. Tak oto, kiedy poddawano analizie myśl Nietzschego, Warburga, Benna i Birala, założeniem pracy było ustanowienie dialogu z tekstami autorów. Praca starała się odpowiedzieć na pytania, które Nietzsche postawił w swoich aforyzmach i fragmentach wydanych pośmiertnie, posługując się badaniem genealogicznym użytych przez niego pojęć. Tą właśnie drogą przywiedziono doktrynę Nietzschego do jego woli mocy, przystosowując zatem do jego myśli metodę genealogiczną, której Nietzsche używał do analizy prawd innych filozofów i legislatorów wartości. Taki punkt wyjścia umożliwił wyjaśnienie filozofii Nietzschego „od wewnątrz”, bez konieczności mierzenia się z nią w sposób obiektywny (w znaczeniu przedmiotu badania oddzielonego od elementu osobowego filozofa, od jego doświadczeń, jak również od doświadczeń samego badacza). Również dialog z innymi badanymi myślicielami prowadzony był przy użyciu metody adherencji aplikacyjnej do metod przez nich wypracowanych i używanych. Tak oto konfrontacja z Aby Warburgiem zakładała korzystanie z filologii metamorfozy symboli. Dzięki tej metodzie poddany analizie został symbol węża i rola, jaką spełniał on w myśli Warburga i Nietzschego. W dialogu z Alessandro Biralem posłużyłiśmy się metodą historii pojęć (Begriffsgeschichte), którą Biral przejął od historyka Otto Brunnera. Zdaniem Birala nasze pojęcia, poprzez które orientujemy się w świecie praktycznym i w sferze myśli, kształtowały się historycznie, dlatego też pełne ich zrozumienie wymaga historycznego badania semantycznych stratyfikacji, z których każde pojęcie jest złożone. Metoda ta jest szczególnie przydatna w zrozumieniu tych starożytnych pojęć, których sens przewartościowała nowożytność, jak na przykład „cnota”, „polityka”, „głosowanie”. Podsumowując, można powiedzieć, że ogólna metoda badawcza to dialog genealogiczny. Składa się ona z interrogacji tekstów oraz pojęć w nich zawartych, poprzez genealogiczne badanie psycho-historycznych powodów, na których opierają się pojęcie użyte przez Nietzschego, Benna, Warburga i Birala. Praca odsyła do pytania o to, jak można poszukiwać różnie deklinowanej całości oraz, w jaki sposób można ją ewentualnie osiągnąć. Nowożytna nauka i nowożytna filozofia zakładają, że poszukiwanie prawdy równa się wzięciu w nawias osobistych doświadczeń: prawda, począwszy od Kartezjusza, jest zawsze obiektywna i powszechna, a zatem wszystko to, co odsyła do sfery osobistej (namiętności, pasje, doświadczenia życiowe) jest przeszkodą w odnalezieniu prawdy powszechnej. Inaczej mówiąc, to czysty rozum odnajduje prawdę. Rozum, który jest zanieczyszczony tym, co osobiste, jako że każda jednostka jest różna od innych, a jej prawda jest zawsze częściowa, jest opinią. Prawda nowożytna jest bezosobowa. Zdaniem czterech myślicieli , których refleksje zostały poddane analizie w niniejszej pracy, powszechna prawda nie istnieje. Jest tylko projekcją szczegółowych prawd. Prawda bezosobowa jest dla Nietzschego nie tylko nieistniejąca, ale również szkodliwa, ponieważ, zakładając własną absolutność, uniemożliwia poszukiwanie prawd, które uszlachetniają konkretny typ ludzki. Jedyną prawdą, do której człowiek może mieć dostęp, jest prawda osobista, a więc perspektywiczna. Nie wszyscy ludzie, żeby żyć lepiej, potrzebują tej samej prawdy. Ludzie bowiem nie są tacy sami. Co więcej, człowiek nie może się nigdy odseparować od tego, co mu przynależy, co go konstytuuje jako istotę żyjącą. Człowiek nie może się oddzielić od swoich doświadczeń osobistych. Tak więc prawda, jaką wyraża filozof, jest częścią jego osobistych doświadczeń i na nich się opiera: prawda nie jest celem, ale środkiem, warunkiem, narzędziem, które służy myślicielowi do uszlachetnienia własnego „ja” i do życia w sposób pełniejszy. Z jednej strony zatem prawda filozoficzna jest ugruntowana w całości osobistych doświadczeń i powinna być z nimi połączona. Z drugiej zaś, całości sensu, radości i prawdy nie można osiągnąć dzięki nowożytnej metodzie brania w nawias, usuwania osobistego składnika. Prawda jest „stronnicza”, ma swoje podziemne powody, a ich ujawnienie pozwala nam zrozumieć sens prawdy, czyli powody psycho-historyczne, dla których dany typ ludzki musiał i chciał widzieć świat w sposób, który odpowiadał strukturze jego duszy i sile jego instynktów. W celu udowodnienia głównej tezy dysertacji, analizie poddane zostały następujące zagadnienia: Nietzscheańska genealogia, Nietzscheańska krytyka moralności, przewartościowanie pojęcia cnoty, Nietzscheański makiawelizm, krytyka Benna względem propozycji pedagogicznych wypracowanych przez Nietzschego oraz relacji z nihilizmem, wiedza o kulturze Warburga jako nowa, interdyscyplinarna droga do zrozumienia i leczenia napięć obecnych w europejskiej duszy, Biraliańskie wyjaśnienie nowożytnej polityki i jego powrót do starożytnych pojęć cnoty i władzy, jak również Nietzscheańskie pojęcie odkupienia pojmowane jako tragiczny, nieskończony proces kroczenia w stronę całości.The main thesis of the dissertation titled In cammino verso la totalità. Esperienza personale come problema filosofico nel pensiero di Nietzsche, Benn, Warburg e Biral, is that Nietzsche, Benn, Warburg and Biral's thought is directed towards totality. Nietzsche, Benn, Warburg and Biral decline totality each in their own way. According to Nietzsche, the totality implies man's ennoblement and perfection; man is here intended as the unity of body and spirit and his ennoblement requires a complete cultural transvaluation, as well as a transvaluation of modern moral, political and religious values – that is to say, man has to become stronger. According to Benn, the totality implies the creation of the perfect and accomplished poetical form. According to Warburg, the totality requires the elaboration of mankind's collective memory map, which shall allow „the good European” to diagnose and therefore to take care of his inner tensions. According to Biral, finally, the research of totality is synonymous with the research of happiness, thus of perfect wisdom, because, as already Plato meant it, the wise man, having nothing to desire, is the only one who is perfectly happy. The methodological principle of the dissertation is based on the applicative adherence to the method used by each thinker in his own investigations. Therefore, when we have studied Nietzsche, Warburg, Benn and Biral's thought, we have tried to create a dialogue with their texts. The work answers to questions left by Nietzsche in aphorisms and fragments by the genealogical research of concepts he made use of. Thus we have traced back Nietzsche's doctrines to his will to power and we applied to his thinking the genealogical method, which Nietzsche developed in order to analyze others philosophers and value-legislators truths. The method allows to explain Nietzsche's philosophy “from the inside” and permits to exclude an objective confrontation with it (that is to say, a confrontation with an object separated from philosopher's personal element, from his experiences, as well as from the researcher's ones). The dialogue with other thinkers was also based on the adherent application of methods they elaborated and applied. The confrontation with Aby Warburg implied the use of the philology of symbol-metamorphoses. Thanks to this method we analyzed the serpent symbol and the role it fulfilled within Nietzsche and Warburg's thought. While interacting with Alessandro Biral we used the history of concepts (Begriffsgeschichte) method. Biral learned this method from the historian Otto Brunner. According to Biral, our concepts, by which we orientate ourselves in both practical and theoretical world, have historically become. In order to comprehend them, a historical research of semantic stratification each concept is built of is needed. This method is particularly useful in order to understand the ancient concepts which meaning the modernity has transvaluated, as for instance “virtue”, “politics”, “voting”. To sum up, we can say that the general method is a genealogical dialogue. This method is composed of textual and conceptual interrogation which is made through psycho-historical research of motives from which Nietzsche, Benn, Warburg and Biral's concepts originated. The dissertation answers the question concerning the possibility of searching for and eventually achieving the totality. According to modern science and to modern philosophy, the searching for truth implies a suspension of personal experiences: from Descrates onwards, the truth is always objective and universal and all that refers to individual sphere (instincts, passions, life experiences) hinders the finding of the universal truth. In other words, only the pure reason finds out the truth. This means that each individual differs from other and that each individual truth is always partial, that is to say it is an opinion. The modern truth is impersonal. According to four thinkers whose reflection is here analyzed, an universal truth does not exist. According to Nietzsche, the impersonal truth non only does not exist, but it is dangerous because, being thought as absolute, makes impossible the research of the individual truth which ennobles a specific type of man. The only truth we have access to is an individual one, that is to say a perspective one. Not everybody, in order to live better, needs the same truth. Men are not equal. Furthermore, man can never separate himself from what belongs to him and constitutes him as a living person. Man cannot separate himself from his own personal experiences. For that reason the truth expressed by a philosopher is part of his personal experiences and is built on them: the truth is not a goal, but rather a mean, a condition, an instrument that helps the thinker to ennoble his self and to live more fully. On the one hand the philosophical truth is rooted in the totality of personal experiences of the philosopher and has to be linked to them. On the other hand, the totality of sense, happiness and truth, is not to be obtained thanks to the modern method of suspension of the personal element. Truth is “sided”, it has its own underground motives. To reveal them is to understand the sense of a truth, that is to say the psycho-historical motives that forced a certain type of man to see the world correspondingly to the structure of his soul and to the power of his instincts. In order to prove the main theses of the dissertation, we have analyzed the following topics: Nietzsche's genealogy, Nietzsche' criticism of morality and the transvaluation of the concept of virtue, Nietzsche's politics as Machiavellianism, Benn's criticism of Nietzsche's pedagogical argumentation and the relationship with nihilism, Warburg's science of culture as a new, interdisciplinary way of understanding and healing the tensions present in European soul, Biral's explanation of modern politics and the urgency of the return to the ancient concepts of virtue and government and, finally, Nietzsche's concept of redemption seen as a tragical, incomplete process of stepping towards totality

Geometric generalization of einstein theory of gravity.

Ajnxtajnova teorija gravitacije uspexno opisuje pojave u Sunqevom sistemu. Ona takodje predvia postojanje crnih rupa, gravitacionih sočiva i gravitacionih talasa, xto je uspešno opservirano. Medjutim Ajnštajnova teorija nije dovoljno proverena na velikim kosmičkim rastojanjima. Zbog toga posmatramo nelokalnu modifikaciju gravitacije i dobijamo nova rešenja za skalirajunje faktor a(t). Takodje, posmatramo i prostorno-vremenske pertur- bacije de Siterovog prostora.Einstein theory of gravity successfully describes the Solar system. It also predicts the existence of the black holes, gravitational lenses and gravitational waves, which have been observed successfully. On the other hand Einstein theory of gravity is not tested on the large cosmic sccale. Therefore, we consider the nonlocal modied gravity and get new solutions for the cosmic scale factor a(t). Moreover we consider space-time perturbations of the de Sitter space